ZOO 2090 lecture post midterm Flashcards
What are the main groups of modern amphibians?
Hint: 3
- Frogs and toads
- Salamanders (and newts)
- Caecilians
What are the types of glands found in amphibian skin and what are their function?
- Mucous glands –> secrete mucus to help with cutaneous respiration
- Granular glands–> secrete poisonous alkaloid compounds for defense
What are some characteristics of the amphibian skin? Explain their significance briefly.
- Skin is thin.
- allows for easier gas exchange (cutaneous respiration) - More terrestrial forms have more keratin (fibrous protein).
- keep it from drying out
- good for defense (less tearing of skin) - Some caecilians and toads have bone elements in the dermis.
- for protection
Often, amphibians go through metamorphosis during development (eggs –> water –> some mixed –> terrestrial).
However, some species have their entire developmental process in the egg, and come out as adults. Why might this be adaptive?
- Breaks link with adult forcing them to always be around water to reproduce
- Eggs can be up in trees for protection, with no ponds nearby
*This is a derived state found in the tropics
What kind of teeth do amphibians have? How are they divided?
- Pedicellate teeth
- Crown (dentified tip) of calcified dentin aries from the pedicel (base), connected by the uncalcified suture
Amphibian teeth are homologous to mammal teeth in the way they are derived. True or False?
False.
Amphibian teeth are not homologous to mammalian teeth (enamel, dentin, etc), they arise differently.
What are some characteristics of the species in the order Anura?
(limbs, tail, tympanum?, fertilization)
- Paired limbs
- Absence of tail (adults)
- Jumpers
- Tympanum usually present to transmit sound to inner ear
- External fertilization, except in Ascaphus–extension of male cloaca
What is are some characteristics of the Anura skull?
- Flattened, open, with big jaws
- Palate is highly reduced
- Allows eyeballs to drop into oral cavity
- Significance: helps force food down throat - Hyomandibula becomes the stapes
- Significance: Sound transmission, works with tympanum in inner ear
What are some key differences in the axial skeleton of anuras that makes it specialized?
- Vertebrae
- fewer
- different kinds
- sacral & pelvic girdle have close affinity
- Urostyle –> fused vertebrae - Atlas –> allows for winder range of motion in head
How many vertebrae does the axial skeleton of an anura have?
9 or less
What is a urostyle and where is it found?
Urostyle –> post sacral vertebrae fused into a rod-shape
-found between the two elongated illium bones of the pelvic girdle
What are some main features of the anura appendicular skeleton?
- Pectoral girdle and radius/ulna are used to absorb the shock of landing
- Tibia/fibula and ankle bones are also fused for sturdiness
- Increase in length of hind limbs –> characteristic of jumpers
In frogs, both the tibia/fibula and the radius/ulna are fused. True or False?
True.
Tibia/fibula –> sturdiness
Radius/Ulna –> shock absorbance
What order are salamanders part of?
Order Caudata
What are some characteristics of salamanders?
limbs, type of feeding, tympanum?, fertilization
- Paired limbs and a long tail
- Suction feeding in water and projectile tongue on land
- No tympanum present
- Fertilization can be external or internal by means of spermatophore transfer
How many pre-sacral vertebrae do salamanders have?
10-60 (have a long back)
What are some characteristics of the salamander skeleton?
- Flattened opened skull with large orbits
- Poor ossification
- Reduction and loss of bones is common
What kind of locomotion do salamanders have?
Dual locomotion.
What order do caecilians belong to?
Gymnophiona.
Why do caecillians have a solid and compact skull?
Hint: they have no limbs or girdles
They have this kind of skull so that they are able to burrow.
How many trunk vertebrae do caecilians have?
60-285, but tail is short/ absent.
What are some characteristics about caecilians?
Habitat, Fertilization, hatchlings
- Restricted to tropical habitats
- Internal fertilization
- Hatchlings are aquatic or terrestrial
How do caecilians compensate for reduced eyes?
They have paired tentacles in the front of their head, which help with chemosensation in dark tunnels.
What is a “Frogamander” and how does it contribute to our evolutionary knowledge about amphibians?
The “Frogamander” is a fossil found of a species that has features excursively from frogs and features exclusively from salamanders, but not both.
It links salamanders and frogs to one phylogenetic line (have affinity with temnospondyii).