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Mika’s Revision > Zoo > Flashcards

Zoo Flashcards

1
Q

Why did shifts in zoo design occur?

A

• research
• public perception
• animal welfare laws
• building advancements
• health and safety
• new legislation

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2
Q

What are zoos for?

A

• recreation
• conservation
• education
• breeding
• profit (depends on if it’s a charity or a business)

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3
Q

What is meant by a ‘mission statement’

A

A formal summary of the aims and values of a company, organisation, or individual

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4
Q

Where do zoos get their funding?

A

• charity (non-profit)
• business (profit)
• government funds

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5
Q

List some pressures that zoos face

A

• sizing of enclosures
- too big? Animals might not be visible
- too small? Animal welfare breaches
• public safety - dangerous animals, space
• size
• money
• reputation
• promotion - advertisement costs
• legislation and licensing
• social media
• animal welfare status + needs
• variety of animals
• breeding + trade + transportation
• sourcing animals
• public wants/customer satisfaction
• maintaining stakeholders
• recreation
• conservation

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6
Q

What do zoo customers/visitors expect?

A

• animals (with good welfare)
• facilities
• accessibility
• food/drink
• parking
• gift shop
• personalised info on the animals
• staff available
• seating
• safety
• experiences
• maps, guides, information

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7
Q

What makes a zoo visit special?

A

• talks/education
• experiences (handling, feeding, etc)
• tours/rides
• displays - interactive
• events
• offers, discounts for families, schools, memberships, etc
• rare animals
• all needs are met
• shows
• adoptions
• immersive exhibits
• signage to inform

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8
Q

Zoo interpretation: aims/purpose

A

• used as an informational education tool - all zoos must contribute towards education
• engages the senses and emotions of visitors - therefore improves the visitors experience - repeat customers - word of mouth
• challenged people’s ideas and understanding of a topic
• allows people to then make informed choices

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9
Q

Types of media:

A

• signs
• displays
• touch tables
• maps, guide books, leaflets
• audio headsets
• videos (multi media)
• guided and self-guided tours
• visitor centres
• presentations

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10
Q

What needs to be considered when choosing media for a given site/location?

A

• weather
• age of audience
• number of visitors
• health and safety
• cost
• maintenance
• production
• skill set of staff

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11
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

Keeping and breeding animals outside of their normal environment (eg zoos) for extended periods of time.

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12
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

Conservation that takes place in the natural environment of the animal

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13
Q

What can zoos do to support conservation?

A

• financially support in situ conservation projects
• provide technical assistance or equipment to such projects
• raise awareness of conservation issues

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14
Q

What is collection planning?

A

Defines which species a zoo would like to have and any animals that they would like to move on to other collections.
They help outline future plans for animals (eg breeding, research, etc). They may state enclosure moves/new housing for animals.
The plan should be linked to the zoo mission statement.

It looks like a chart with columns stating:

Species | current no. (M/F/U)|target No, (M/F/U) | breed? | moves? | reason

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15
Q

What are the criteria involved in collection planning for zoos?

A

• conservation action required?
• public education/appeal
• fund raising appeal
• scientific research requirements
• can they support wild conservation efforts?

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16
Q

WAZA

A

World association of zoos and aquariums

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17
Q

EAZA

A

European association of zoos and aquariums

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18
Q

BIAZA

A

British and Irish association of zoos and aquariums

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19
Q

GSMP

A

global species management plan

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20
Q

EEP

A

European endangered species programme

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21
Q

ESB

A

European stud book

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22
Q

List some examples of GSMPs

A

Red pandas, Siberian tiger, Sumatran tiger, tree kangaroo, Siberian leopard, blue crowned laughing thrush

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23
Q

List some examples of EEPs

A

Anteaters, orangutan , wild dog, emperor penguins, manatees, tortoises, Bali starlings, okapi, pallas’ cat

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24
Q

Issues faced by conservation breeding

A

• money
• transport
• small founding population - poor genetics
• too many animals - no enough space
• skewed sex ratios
• compatibility of individuals
• inheritance of undesirable traits
• politics
• unpredictability of breeding

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25
Q

Debates: live feeding

A

• it is a legal requirement in the U.K. to prevent “unnecessary pain and suffering” to an “animal”
• many interpret this as it is wrong to feed live animals
• an animal is classified as a vertebrate but recently an octopus has been added to this list

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26
Q

What is free contact?

A

• physically in the same space
• ease of access
• traditional
• more freedom
• give exercise
• people have been attacked

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27
Q

What is protected contact?

A

There is a barrier between you and the animal

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28
Q

What emergencies could occur in a zoo?

A

• animal escape
• enclosure break-ins (knows as an invasion)
• fire
• first aid
• lost child
• flood

29
Q

DWA licence

A

Dangerous wild animal licence

30
Q

COSHH

A

control of substances hazardous to health

31
Q

SSSMZP

A

Secretary of states standards of modern zoo practices

32
Q

You must have a zoo license to run a zoo if it is open to the public on _ or more days in a __ month period.

A

You must have a zoo license to run a zoo if it is open to the public on (7) or more days in a (12) month period.

33
Q

What is the application process to apply for a zoo licence?

A
  1. Tell your local authority in writing that you want to open a zoo at least 2 months before applying for a zoo licence
  2. Include in your written notice how you plan to meet the conservation requirements
  3. Publish notice of your intention to open a zoo in 1 local and 1 national newspaper
  4. Display the notice at the site of the proposed zoo
  5. Pay a fee for the zoo licence (local authority dependent)
  6. Local authority will inspect your zoo before granting a licence
  7. Licence must be displayed at the zoo entrance.
34
Q

How often is a zoo inspected?

A

Annually

35
Q

Who inspects zoos?

A

Vets, inspectors nominated by the Secretary of State after a request by the local authority.

36
Q

What is the SSSMZP?

A

• written by the government
• it details the minimum standards that it expects all zoos to provide
• if a zoo fails to meet these standards, they will likely lose their zoo licence
• it covers both animal welfare and public safety
• it also lists animals and gives them a ‘category’ depending on their ability to cause harm to people

37
Q

SSSMZP category 1:

A

• Contact with animal is likely to cause death or serious injury
• Barrier of enclosure must be designed to prevent physical contact between the animal and public
• The animal can only be taken out of their enclosure and into a public area if the zoological collection believes the animal will not cause harm to the public and has satisfied the local authority that this is the case. Animal must be supervised by trained keepers at all times

38
Q

How often should different health checks be done?

A

• daily - observation, medication, etc
• weekly - weight
• monthly - parasite treatments, shedding
• annually - hands on full health check (self care day)

39
Q

What factors effect how often you do a health check on an animal?

A

• size of animals
• training
• stress levels
• how easy is it to health check?
- Dangerous animals?

40
Q

What would you record on a daily animal health check sheet?

A

• movement
• behaviour
• body condition
• faeces/urine output
• coat condition
• general alertness

41
Q

Why should we keep health check records?

A

• vaccinations
• general husbandry
• animals’ details are up to date
• prevents illness or disease
• prevents inbreeding
• identify genetic problems
• transport: new collections have up to date data

42
Q

How does good or poor hygiene effect the health of zoo animals?

A

Poor hygiene allows the body to accumulate bacteria that contribute to diseases. Good hygiene helps to kill these bacterial to preserve the health of the animal.

43
Q

What are the pros of cleaning/disinfecting every day?

A

• stops the spread of zoonotic diseases
• looks better to the public (perception)
• lower mortality rates
• thorough checks of the enclosure
• routine for the animals

44
Q

What are the cons of cleaning/disinfecting an enclosure every day?

A

• expensive
• non-naturalistic –> reduces natural behaviours –> negative public perception
• removes the animals’ scent —> causes scent marking —> leads to pacing
• time consuming
• removing beds/food cache/web is very stressful
• health effects of the cleaning products
• won’t build up immunity

45
Q

Why do we need to be able to identify individual aniamls

A

• Monitor health
• monitor behaviour
• breeding purposes
• records
• giving medication transport
• dietary requirements

46
Q

How can we identify animals?

A

• physical features
- colours – eyes, beaks, fur, etc
- pattern/markings
- Size
- scars
• tags
• behaviour
• microchips
• ear tagging
• ear notching
• collars
• wing bands
• leg rings
• tattooing
• branding
• marking – nail varnish on shells

47
Q

How could you help identify individuals from natural markings?

A

Booklet/ID cards with pictures – e.g. Lily has a large white patch on her back and a stripey tail.

48
Q

Ear notching:

A

Cutting off a small part of the air. Feral cats are notched once they’re neutered.

49
Q

Ear tags:

A

All cattle, sheep and goats must be ear tagged in the UK. This includes bison and buffalo.

50
Q

Branding (hot):

A

Illegal in the UK due to breaking animal welfare.

51
Q

Branding (freeze):

A

Mark is cooled in liquid nitrogen. This is held against the animal. Legal in the UK and deemed much better for animal welfare than hot branding.

52
Q

Tattooing:

A

Tattoos are legal in the UK, but not commonly used.

53
Q

Marking – nail varnish on shell:

A

On a tortoise shell, you can put it on which ever section you want to differ them.

54
Q

Wing bands/leg rings:

A

• closed ring - must be used on species that are native to the UK to prove they are not wild caught. They must be put on the bird when they are young. It goes over their feet and normally lasts for the birds entire life.
• metal open ring - can be put on at any point in the birds life. Must be put on by a trained professional.
• plastic rings - lots of different shapes and sizes, easy to put on a bird, good at viewing from a distance. Limited number of colours do not last as long as metal.

55
Q

Record keeping - what should be recorded?

A

• weight
• health
• shedding
• birth date
• sex
• history
• parentage
• medication

56
Q

Why are health check records helpful to keepers?

A

You can track any problems and noticed them easier. Important information can be transferred onto a central database.

57
Q

ZIMS:

A

Zoological information management system

58
Q

What should we consider before physical restraint?

A

• behaviour
• size
• species
• body condition
• staff on hand - numbers and training
• enclosure
• number of animals
• temperament
• equipment
• will it cause pain to the animal?
• H&S risk

59
Q

What equipment can be used to restrain zoo animals?

A

• net
• gloves
• Catch pole
• towels
• boxes
• Raceway and crush
• push boards
• chemical sedation

60
Q

Chemical restraint:

A

• assess the situation
• ensure the correct drug is used
• correct dosage for the species and procedure in question
• oral administration, gas or dart guns/blowpipes can be used
• reversal agent is appropriate and in the correct dosage
• staff safety – gun team?

61
Q

What are the pros of chemical restraint?

A

• allows invasive health care to be administered to the animal in pain free environment
• safer for zoo staff
• animal is unaware of the procedure, and therefore stress levels are kept to a minimum
• once the animal is anaesthetised, additional info/research can be gathered, e.g. weights/measurement’s

62
Q

What are the cons of chemical restraint?

A

• The health status of the animal is usually unknown prior to anaesthesia – increased risk
• activity and excitement can affect the dosage required
• partial administration can cause harm to both animal and the staff present
• post monitoring of aggressive or flighty animals is difficult afterwards
• drugs may have side-effects – seizures in big cats
• animals need to be fasted to prevent vomiting and regurgitation – not always possible

63
Q

What is the major goal of enrichment?

A

Mental stimulation/physical

• utilise animals, time and energy
- Wild animals, use masses of amount of time hunting/foraging/travelling, captive do not, so they have access energy and time
- Excess energy and time that is not used could lead to atypical behaviours/health issues

64
Q

It is important for enrichment to be incorporated into ___________ ______, so that animal is ________ by their environment, rather than relying on the items placed into the enclosure. Consider keeper ____.

A

It is important for enrichment to be incorporated into (enclosure design), so that animal is (enriched) by their environment, rather than relying on the items placed into the enclosure. Consider keeper (time).

65
Q

How can enclosure design take into account enrichment?

A

• substrate
• materials used
• location in the zoo
• neighbouring enclosures
• feeding methods
• size
• planting
• furnishings
• other individuals
• mixed species

66
Q

Material requirements:

A

• durable
• non-toxic
• easy to clean
• appealing to guests
• naturalistic
• cost
• sustainability

67
Q

Sustainability of materials:

A

• remember: zoos are conservation charities
• any new building must consider its impact on the environment
• recycled materials
• zero plastic
• durable materials – little waste in the future
• source of materials – carbon neutral?
• energy usage –
- Green energy – solar panels, bio fuel
- Low energy lightbulbs, etc
• biodegradable products/substrate

68
Q

What are the pros of mixed species exhibits?

A

• more space
• naturalistic
• appealing to public
• enriching
• social interaction
• maximise space - have a ground dwelling and a tree dwelling animal together

69
Q

What are the cons of mixed species exhibits?

A

• possible aggression
• competition for food/eat wrong one
• disease spread
• different housing requirements
• H&S
• hybridisation

Mika’s Revision (5 decks)

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