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Exam 3 > Ziegler- Bacterial Growth > Flashcards

Ziegler- Bacterial Growth Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What is bacterial replication?

A

The generation of 2 complete daughter cells from 1 cell.

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2
Q

What do bacteria use to multiply?

A

Binary fission

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3
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A
  1. Replication of DNA
  2. Polar separation of daughter chromosomes
  3. Generation of cross wall
  4. Separation
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4
Q

What is generation time?

A
  1. The time it takes for ONE cell to become TWO (also the amount of time required for a number of cells in culture to DOUBLE)
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5
Q

The doubling time is equal to….

A

the generation time!

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6
Q

What are other characteristics of bacterial growth?

A
  1. Descendants are Clones
  2. Asynchronous replication
  3. Cell numbers are measured by concentration or biomass
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7
Q

What is the growth curve?

A
  1. A saturated broth culture is used to inoculate fresh media
  2. Bacterial counts are taken at different time points and plotted as cell number versus time
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8
Q

What is the lag phase?

A

The time it takes for bacteria to ADAPT to a new nutrient rich environment.

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9
Q

What is the log phase?

A
  1. Exponential growth!–New cell material is synthesized at a constant rate.
  2. Bacteria double every generation time
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10
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A
  1. Nutrients are exhausted
  2. toxins products build up
  3. bacteria remain at constant number
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11
Q

What is the death phase?

A
  1. Bacteria die because of toxicity

Not all bacteria have this

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12
Q

What is a bacterial colony?

A

Tens of millions of individual bacteria from a single organism.

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13
Q

How do you determine the concentration of bacteria in liquid culture?

A
  1. Dilute it
  2. Plate it (onto media/nutrients that bacteria needs to grow)
  3. Each colony represents ONE bacterium from the original culture.
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14
Q

What do you do for a given culture at each time point?

A
  1. Make a 10 fold dilutions of a culture
  2. Spread known volume on agar plate
  3. Allow colonies to grow
  4. Count the number of colonies
  5. Calculate original concentration (at time of sampling)

**REPRESENTS VIABLE BACTERIA

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15
Q

What are the growth requirements for bacterial cultivation?

A
  1. Elements for organic matter (CARBON SOURCE)

2. Ions for energy generation, catalysis and osmostic maintenance.

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16
Q

What are the energy sources for bacterial cultivation?

A

FRP

  1. Fermentation–formation of ATP not couple to e transfer
  2. Respiration–formation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, ATP formed during e transfer
  3. Photosynthesis– ATP formed by reduction of an oxidant via light energy. (NO BACTERIA USE THIS)
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17
Q

In the presence of oxygen, what will bacteria that can go either way do?

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A

They will use aerobic respiration. Anaerobic only lets them generate 2 molecules of ATP.

18
Q

Why are the end products of fermentation important?

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A

You can use them to identify bacteria

19
Q

What bacteria create lactic acid?

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A

Bacon Lettuce Sandwich

  1. Streptococcus
  2. Lactobacillus
  3. Bacilus
20
Q

What bacteria create ethanol and Co2?

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A

Saccharomyces (yeast)

21
Q

What bacteria create propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2 and H2?

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A

Propionibacterium

22
Q

What bacteria make butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol and CO2?

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A

Clostridium

ABC (acetone, butyric acid, butanol, co2 …clostridium)

23
Q

What bacteria make ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, CO2 and H2?

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A

Escherichia and Salmonella

SAL Salmonella…succinic, acetic acid, lactic acid

24
Q

What bacteria make lactic acid, formic acid, butanediol, acetone, CO2 and H2?

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A

Enterobacter

are FAB…formic acid, butanediol, acetone

25
What are the nutritional requirements for bacterial cultivation?
1. growth media must contain: C, N, S, P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe and other minerals in small amounts 2. Iron is NOT required for growth of Borrelia species 3. Anything that cannot be synthesized by bacterium but is required for growth must be provided
26
What is a heterotroph?
Bacteria that require preformed organic compounds like sugars, AA and vitamins SAV
27
What is an autotroph?
A bacteria that can syntehsize everything it needs from inorganic compounds like CO2
28
What is a hypotroph?
An obligate intracellular pathogen requiring a host to provide organic compounds (intracellular heterotroph)
29
What is one way for a bacteria to uptake nutrients? When does this occur?
DIFFUSION through the cytoplasmic membrane. Only when PERMEASES (specific carrier proteins) are present. In DC you need CPAs.
30
What are the three types of diffusion?
1. Carrier mediated 2. Phosphorylation linked transport (group translocation) 3. Active transport CPA
31
What is carrier mediated diffusion?
1. Nutrients travel from HI to LO, CONCENTRATION dependant | 2. NOT E dependant
32
What is phosphorylation linked transport/group translocation?
1. ENERGY DEPENDENT 2. sugars are taken up this way--co-transported with carrier in the membrane of the cells and chemically modified (phosphorylated) in the process
33
What is active transport?
1. ENERGY DEPENDENT 2. Requires generation of proton motive force: Protons are pumped out of cell, creating flux of protons in and out of organism 4. Molecules are coupled to uptake of H, making overall energetics favorable 5. Requires symport for uptake of H and nutrients ACTIVE...needs to move....PMV (like the DMV)...Proton movtive force
34
What are the 5 basic types of bacteria classified by O2 requirements?
1. Obligate aerobes: Must have O2 for growth 2. Obligate anaerobes: No requirement for O2, Killed by O2 radicals generated during metabolism of O2 3. Facultative anaerobes: Grow with OR without O2 4. Microaerophilic: Grow at LOW concentrations of O2 (20% or less) 5. Aerotolerant anaerobes: Similar to facultative, prefer anaerobic (fermentative) growth OOFMA--OObama For MericA
35
What happens when you use oxygen as a final electron acceptor?
1. It generates O2 2. Kills things unless cell has superoxide dismutase 3. All aerobic organisms have SOD
36
Why do facultative organisms prefer to grow with O2?
1. Make more ATP | 2. Generation time is shorter
37
What are the 3 different classifications of bacteria based on optimal temperature?
1. Psychrophiles--0-20 degrees C 2. Mesophiles--20-40 degrees C 3. Thermophiles--45-90 degrees C PMS...PMT if you're not at the right temp
38
What is the difference between liquid media and solid media?
Liquid: broth solution Solid: broth plus 15% agar to make agar plates
39
What is defined media?
Media made with chemicals at known concentration
40
What is differential media?
Supplies nutrients and indicators (pH or RBC) for VISUAL DETERMINATION of which organisms are present **Colonies of a specific bacteria have a certain color
41
What is selective media?
Selects AGAINST growth of particular bacteria by addtion of dyes, acid/base, salts or antibiotics
42
What is MacConkey agar?
An example of a media that is BOTH differential AND selective. 1. Selective: bile salts and crystal violet inhibit growth of gram pos 2. Differential: lactose plus a PH indicator to indicate fermentation of lactose

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