Zeh Drugz

Question 1

Enalapril, lisinopril, or captopril will all cause this

Answer 1

ACE inhibitor. Works by impeding the production of angiotensin II. Please note that angiotensin is a vasoconstrictor and also helps in the stimulation of aldosterone (mineralcorticoid…plays with Na+ and K+ channels…remember the kidney???)

Question 2

Either losartan or irbesartan can lead to this

Answer 2

This works as an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs). The mech entails the same rationale as the ACE inhibitors, except that these drugs SELECTIVELY block AT1 angiotensin II receptors. Remember that binding to AT2 has the opposite effect of binding to AT1. Think of AT2 as negative feedback mech.

Question 3

Atropine

Answer 3

This drug works as a cholinergic muscarinic ANTAGONIST. The mech calls for blocking the cholinergic-muscarinic effects of Ach. It is essentially an antiparasympathetic.

Question 4

Metoprolol, atenolol

Answer 4

Works as a Beta Blocker. the mechanism entails impeding the Beta1-mediated SNS effects. Note that beta blockers have varying degrees of specificity for beta1 and beta 2. In medicine, B1 is the assumed target unless otherwise specified.

Question 5

Amlodipine

Answer 5

It is a type L Ca2+ channel antagonist. Its mechanism works by blocking type L Ca2+ channels expressed within vascular smooth muscle contraction.

Question 6

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Answer 6

Works as positive inotrope. The mechanism entails enhancing the cardiac contractility and heart rate.

Question 7

Digoxin

Answer 7

Works as positive inotrope. The mechanism entails enhancing the cardiac heart rate mainly. Note that this drug can also be used to increase the length of the AV nodal delay, slowing HR.

Question 8

Furosemide

Answer 8

Works as a loop diuretic. It is a Ca WASTING diuretic. Its mechanism entails impairing Na+, K+, and Cl+ reabsorption by the kidneys. Specifically acts on NKCC Channel in thin ascending limb by killing it, keeping these ions in the forming urine. By keeping the ions in the kidney, H2O is forced to follow the ions (stay in the kidney instead of be reabsorbed into the bloodstream). The result is induced diuresis.

Question 9

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

Answer 9

This works as a Thiazide diuretic. It is CALCIUM CONSERVING diuretic (it actually stimulates Ca reabsorption), but is wastes K…likely to balance the charge. Its mechanism entails impairing Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys. Specifically acts in the distal collecting tubule NCC channel by killing it, keeping Na and Cl in the forming urine. The end result is a lower bp. The mechs of other such bp lower effects caused by this drug or not well understood. Side effect: Excessive k excretion.

Question 10

Verapamil, Diltiazam (Cardizem)

Answer 10

These work as calcium channel blockers. The mechanism entails blocking cardiac type L Ca2+ channels. This causes a delay in the AV nodal conduction, negative inotropy, and it generally has little effect on non-cardiac type L channels.

Question 11

Albuterol

Answer 11

It is a Beta2 receptor AGONIST. Its mechanism works by acting as a short-acting Beta2 agonist. This helps to promote bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation.

Question 12

Salmeterol

Answer 12

It is a Beta2 receptor AGONIST. Its mechanism works by acting as a long-acting Beta2 agonist. This helps to promote bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation.

Question 13

Fluticasone

Answer 13

This drug works as a glucocorticoid receptor agonist inhalant. It is anti-inflammatory.

Question 14

bid

Answer 14

twice per day

Question 15

mEq

Answer 15

miliequivalents

Question 16

prn

Answer 16

as needed

Question 17

q

Answer 17

every

Question 18

qd

Answer 18

every day

Question 19

qid

Answer 19

four times per day

Question 20

q12

Answer 20

every 12 hours

Question 21

tid

Answer 21

three times per day

Question 22

Cardizem (Diltiazem) creates this effect:

Answer 22

It is a type of L Ca2+ channel blocker. Negative inotrope.

Question 23

What is the purpose of Nitroglycerin?

Answer 23

This drug is used to treat angina, which is caused by select insufficiency in blood flow in certain places of the heart (dilating certain blood vessels, relaxing the heart). Used to treat angina patients. Establishes blood flow to the parts of the heart that are suffering from a blockage.

Question 24

Eplerenone, Spironolactone*

Answer 24

Aldosterone antagonists (mineralcorticoid receptor anatagonist), used to keep blood in the kidneys for excretion. Acts in collecting tubules. Lowers blood volume, and subsequently blood pressure.

Question 25

ANP

Answer 25

Atrial natriuretic peptide: Cause Na+ to be excreted, dragging H2O with it

Question 26

Angiotensin II

Answer 26

vasoconstrictor; stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex;
renal Na+ conservation.
1. NHE3, N/K in Proximal tubule
2. NKCC in Thin Ascending Limb
3. NCC and EnaC in distal convoluted tubule

Question 27

Aldosterone

Answer 27

Promotes H and K secretion and Na reabsorption. Works in in cortical collecting tubules. Promotes Na+ conservation by kidneys. Acts on Na/K atpase (with AII help). Acts on ENaC, with help of AII, to increase ENaC reabsorption. It also acts on H+ atpase and K/H atpase, both of which secrete H into forming lumen (and the later of which reabsorbs K into sytoplasm.); H2O follows Na+, other CV effects

Question 28

Aliskiren

Answer 28

Blocks enzymatic activity of renin.

Question 29

Amiloride

Answer 29

Calcium-conserving diuretic. Competitive inhibitor of ENaC (blocks Na channels in corticle collecting tubule.); decreases driving force for K+ secretion.

Question 30

Biguanides (metformin)

Answer 30

Inhibits liver gluconeogenesis; enhances insulin

receptor signaling.

Question 31

Sulfonylureas

Answer 31

Targets pancreatic  cells–insulin secretagogue.

Question 32

Thiazolidenediones (pioglitazone)

Answer 32

Insulin sensitizing agent–enhance the action of insulin in target cells.

Question 33

Tolvaptan

Answer 33

V2 receptor antagonist.

Question 34

Dexamethasone and prednisone

Answer 34

Glucocorticoid analogues.

Question 35

Fludrocortisone

Answer 35

Mineralocorticoid agonist.

Question 36

AVP (ADH, Vasopressin)

Answer 36

Arginine vasopressin: Works to increase bp. Secreted from posterior pituitary. Triggers Aquaporins