Zambia Flashcards
As copper price weakened, so did…
Zambia’s currency
What happened when copper mines went under restructuring?
Thousands of job losses
In 2014, how many mining companies paid tax?
2/11 - due to not making profit
How much did the mining industry contribute to the country’s foreign exchange earnings?
3/4
Since the 1980s, what has happened to Zambia?
DRAMATIC SHIFT - 1st SSA country to have 50% urban pop –> gradually ruralising (counter-urbanisation)
When did Zambia gain independence?
1964
Post independence was an era of…
nationalisation - 51% copper mines state-owned in 1969
Significance of urbanisation of copper belts in colonial Zambia
Not 1 isolated town - belt of towns with heavy industry and interconnected railways/roads - modernisation
Why were there debates about permanent vs circular/temporary migration?
Demand for greater stability of the workforce:
Colonial officers - concerned about agri sector
Agri farmers - opposed, as reduced labour supply
Urban employers - needed more labour
What was blamed for Zambia’s decline in 1970s?
Urban bias (WB) Potts argues figures aren't true
When were SAPs implemented?
1980s, led to DECLINE
What are the main factors of changing migration patterns?
Primarily economic (collapse of copper price x2 in 1970s, oil crises & landlocked location in destabilised region) - also fertility and mortality patterns
Impacts of SAPs
Deepened urban poverty - increased child mortality rates
Urban incomes fallen
Under competitiveness –> reduced formal sector (7%)/increased informal sector (49%)
Removal of subsidies - decline in ability to support family
Fergus (1999)
Breakdown of Rostow’s model - shows flaws - not everyone can follow western model - outbreaks aids, malnutrition –> de-industrialised
Dutch disease/resource curse
West did not develop like this
Financial Times (2015)
Copper price fall
