yup Flashcards
What is the purpose of Fume Hoods?
Fume Hoods expel hazardous fumes from chemical reagents. They should be inspected for blockages and ventilation velocity.
What do Biosafety Cabinets do?
Biosafety Cabinets remove harmful particles of infective biological specimens and offer varying levels of protection depending on biosafety level.
What are the Risk Groups of Microorganisms?
Risk Group 1: No/low individual and community risk.
Risk Group 2: Moderate individual risk, low community risk.
Risk Group 3: High individual risk, low community risk.
Risk Group 4: High individual and community risk.
What are the Biosafety Containment Levels?
Level 1: Basic lab, non-pathogenic organisms.
Level 2: Pathogenic to humans but not a serious hazard.
Level 3: Serious diseases, treatment usually available.
Level 4: Lethal pathogens, easily transmitted, no effective treatment available.
What is a Light Microscope?
A Light Microscope uses compound lenses to magnify objects with magnifications of 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x.
What is Borrelia burgdorferi?
Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete that causes Lyme disease.
What is Bacillus anthracis?
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive rod that causes anthrax and is spore-forming.
What is Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive diplococcus that causes pneumonia.
What is Staphylococcus aureus?
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive sphere that can be pathogenic.
What is Clostridium tetani?
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive rod that is spore-forming and causes tetanus.
What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a budding yeast used in baking and brewing.
What is Rhizopus sporangia?
Rhizopus sporangia are filamentous fungi that act as decomposers.
What is Taenia?
Taenia is a parasitic helminth that causes taeniasis.
Why is Aseptic Technique important?
Aseptic Technique prevents contamination of the work area/person and prevents contamination of the sample.
What are the types of Growth Media?
Complex Media: Composition not precisely known (e.g., TSA, nutrient broth).
Defined Media: Precisely known composition (e.g., minimal agar).
What is an Autoclave?
An Autoclave operates at 121°C, 15 psi, for 15 minutes.
What is contamination?
Contamination is the presence of unwanted microbes.
What are the forms of Culture Media?
Broths: Liquid media, growth observed as turbidity, pellicle, or sediment.
Agar Slants: Solidified media in test tubes.
Agar Plates: Solid media in petri dishes.
Who developed Pure Culture Techniques?
Robert Koch developed methods to isolate bacteria.
What is a Colony?
A Colony is a visible bacterial mass originating from one cell.
What is Colony Morphology?
Colony Morphology differentiates species based on appearance.
What are Positive Stains?
Positive Stains are dyes that bind to cells (basic stains).
What are Negative Stains?
Negative Stains are dyes that are repelled by cells, staining the background.
What are the steps for Simple Stain?
- Prepare a smear. 2. Add dye. 3. Rinse with water. 4. Dab dry.
What does Gram Staining differentiate?
Gram-Positive: Purple (thick peptidoglycan layer).
Gram-Negative: Red (thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane).
What factors affect Gram Stains?
Older cultures may stain incorrectly. Thick smears can entrap crystal violet. Over- or under-decolorization affects results.
What is Acid-Fast Staining used for?
Acid-Fast Staining is used for Mycobacterium (e.g., M. tuberculosis).
What is the Ziehl-Neelsen Method?
The Ziehl-Neelsen Method requires heat for Acid-Fast Staining.
What is the Kinyoun Method?
The Kinyoun Method does not require heat for Acid-Fast Staining.
What does Endospore Staining differentiate?
Endospore Staining differentiates vegetative cells (pink) and endospores (green) using the Schaeffer-Fulton Method.
What is Biochemical Identification?
Each bacteria has a unique biochemical fingerprint based on enzyme presence.
How is Fermentation detected?
Using Phenol Red Broth: Red = No fermentation; Yellow = Acid production (fermentation occurred).
What does the Citrate Utilization Test determine?
It tests if bacteria can use citrate as a sole carbon source. Positive: Blue color (citrate utilized); Negative: Green color.
What does the Starch Hydrolysis Test determine?
It determines if bacteria can break down starch. Positive: Clearing around growth after iodine; Negative: No clearing.
What does the DNase Test detect?
The DNase Test detects deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. Positive: Clearing around growth; Negative: No clearing.
What does the Lipase Test detect?
The Lipase Test detects the ability to hydrolyze lipids. Positive: Halo around growth; Negative: No clearing.
What are the expected results for E. coli?
E. coli: Gram (-), Glucose (+), Lactose (+), Sucrose (-), Citrate (-), Starch (-), DNase (-), Lipase (-).
What are the expected results for S. aureus?
S. aureus: Gram (+), Glucose (+), Lactose (+), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (-), DNase (+), Lipase (+).
What are the expected results for B. subtilis?
B. subtilis: Gram (+), Glucose (+), Lactose (-), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (+), DNase (-), Lipase (+).
What are the expected results for S. marcescens?
S. marcescens: Gram (-), Glucose (+), Lactose (-), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (-), DNase (+), Lipase (-).
What are the expected results for P. vulgaris?
P. vulgaris: Gram (-), Glucose (+), Lactose (-), Sucrose (+), Citrate (+), Starch (-), DNase (+), Lipase: Varies.
