Yule, The Study of Language Flashcards
communicative signals
the general abilbity to use language accurately, appropriately and flexibly
förmågan att uttrycka sig tydligt och effektivt i olika situationer
informative signals
behavior that provides information, usually unintentionally
tex: kroppsspråk eller tonfall som oavsiktligt avslöjar ens känslor eller avsikter
reflexivity
a special property of human language that allows language to be used to think and talk about language itself
tex: att kunna diskutera grammatik eller ordens betydelse
displacement
a property of language that allows users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment
tex: att kunna prata om det förflutna, framtiden eller platser långt borta
arbitrariness
a property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning
tex: ordet “träd” har ingen naturlig koppling till själva objektet träd
productivity
a property of language that allows users to create new expressions, also called “creativity” or “openednedness”
tex: att skapa nya ord eller använda befintliga ord på nya sätt
fixed reference
a property of a communication system whereby each signal is fixed as relating to one particular object or occasion
tex: ett trafikljus där rött alltid betyder stopp
cultured transmission
the process whereby knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the next
tex: föräldrar lär sina barn sitt modersmål
duality/double articulation
Språklig struktur som kan delas upp i två nivåer av betydelse:
1. Ljudsegment kombineras för att bilda ord. (Fonem)
2. Dessa ord kombineras sedan för att bilda meningar. (Morfem?)
tex: fonetiska ljud och ordets betydelse uttrycks på olika nivåer
vocal-auditory channel use
language signals are sent using the vocal organs and received by the ears
specialization
language signals do not serve any other type of purpose such as breathing or feeding
non-directionality
language signals have no inherent direction and can be picked up by anyone within hearing, even unseen
rapid fade
language signals are produced and disappear quickly
reciprocity
any sender of language signal can also be a receiver
prevarication
language signals can be false or used to lie or deceive
phonetic alphabet
a set of symbols, each one representing a distinct sound segment
phonetics
the study of the characteristics of speech sounds
Fonetik undersöker hur olika ljud produceras och uppfattas.
articulatory phonetics
the study of how speech sounds are produced
tex: Artikulatorisk fonetik skulle undersöka hur tungan används för att producera ljudet i ordet “ship”.
acoustic phonetics
the study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves
tex: analyserar ljudvågorna som skapas när vi talar
auditory phonetics
the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, also called “perceptual phonetics”
tex: skulle fokusera på hur örat uppfattar skillnader mellan olika talade ljud.
voiceless sounds
speech sounds produced without vibration of the vocal folds
voiced sounds
speech sounds produced with vibration of the vocal folds
bilabial
a consonant produced by using both lips
both (=bi) lips (=labia)
(e.g. the first and last sounds in pub)
labiodental
a consonant produced with the upper teeth and lower lip
(e.g. the first sounds in very funny)