YR 2 ENDOCRINE ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine glands of the cranial cavity.
A
hypothalamus, pituitary.
2
Q
endocrine glands of the neck.
A
4 parathyroid glands + thyroid
3
Q
endocrine glands of the abdomen.
A
2 adrenal glands + pancreas
4
Q
endocrine glands of the pelvis
A
- female: ovaries in the broad ligaments.
- male: testes in the scrotum.
5
Q
diencephalon is made up of the?
A
thalamus and hypothalamus
6
Q
what forms the central core of the cerebrum, with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain?
A
diencephalon
7
Q
what makes up the brainstem?
A
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.
- spinal cord is the inferior continuation of the brainstem.
8
Q
what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
A
infundibulum/pituitary stalk
9
Q
pituitary is anatomically divided into?
A
anterior and posterior pituitary
10
Q
midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone?
A
pituitary gland
11
Q
pituitary fossa lies within the?
A
sella turcica
12
Q
pituitary gland lies immediately inferior to the?
A
optic chiasm
13
Q
optic chiasm is formed from?
A
the right and left optic nerves
14
Q
the right and left optic tracts pass the optic chiasm?
A
posteriorly
15
Q
the right and left optic tracts pass the optic chiasm posteriorly to synapse?
A
in the thalamus
16
Q
after synapsing in the thalamus, the axons in the optic chain pass?
A
via the optic radiation
17
Q
axons pass via optic radiation to?
A
the visual cortex in the occipital lobe
18
Q
optic chiasm compression has what effect on the visual pathway?
A
bitemporal hemianopia
19
Q
why does bitemporal hemianopia occur?
A
APs of the nasal retina are disrupted by optic chiasm compression
20
Q
name the paranasal sinuses
A
- frontal
- maxillary
- ethmoidal air cells
- sphenoid sinuses
21
Q
what lines the paranasal sinuses?
A
mucous secreting respiratory mucosa
22
Q
function of the paranasal sinuses?
A
- mucous production and drainage into nasal cavities through ostia
- reduce skull weight
- adds resonance to voice
23
Q
how many groups of ethmoidal air cells lie between the nasal cavity and the orbit (on each side)?
A
3 right and 3 left
24
Q
maxillary sinuses are otherwise known as?
A
antrum
25
Transsphenoidal transnasal approach requires surgical fracture of which structures?
nasal septum, the floor and roof of the sphenoid sinus(es).
26
the basilar artery crosses the pons where?
the anterior surface
27
the entire cranial cavity is lined internally with?
dura mater
28
a tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa.
diaphragm sellae
29
a tough sheet of dura mater tenting over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa, but with a central gap to allow the brainstem to pass through.
tentorium cerebelli
30
what drains most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity inc. the brain?
dural venous sinuses
31
dural venous sinuses drain to the?
internal jugular veins
32
pituitary gland is surrounded by the?
cavernous and intercavernous sinuses
33
what connects the R&L cavernous sinuses?
anterior cavernous sinuses.
| anterior to the pituitary gland
34
the internal carotid arteries within the skull, pass through the?
cavernous sinuses
35
where do the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins?
jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa
36
the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is made from?
dura mater
37
functional deficit of the CN III causes?
- problems with several eye movements
| - dilated pupil.
38
functional deficit of the CN IV causes?
problems with specific eye movements i.e. eye points superolaterally.
39
functional deficit of CN V causes?
- sensory issues of face and difficulty chewing.
40
functional deficit of CN VI?
- inability to abduct the affected eye
41
functional deficit of cavernous sinus?
venous haemorrhage
42
functional deficit of internal carotid artery?
catastrophic haemorrhage
43
functional deficit of dura mater?
CSF leak
44
thyroid gland composed of?
2 lateral lobes joined by an isthmus.
45
lobes of the thyroid gland attach to the?
lateral aspects of thyroid an cricoid cartilages and to trachea.
46
isthmus of thyroid lies anterior to the?
2nd + 3rd cartilages of trachea
47
a lump in the thyroid gland will do what during swallowing?
move superiorly and then inferiorly
48
the 4 parathyroid glands are located where?
on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland's lateral lobes.
49
if a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is present, from which lobe does it most commonly originate?
the left lateral lobe.
some are not connected to the main thyroid gland.
50
if a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is present, to where does it most often attach superiorly?
thyroid cartilage
51
if a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is present, to where may it extend superiorly?
as far as the hyoid bone.
52
the thyroid develops embryologically from the?
tongue.
- midline epithelial proliferation between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
- migrates inferiorly while remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct.
53
in embryological development, when does the thyroid gland reach its final position?
7 weeks
54
platysma are located?
immediately deep to the skin, within the superficial fascia of the neck.
55
to which group of muscle do platysma belong?
muscles of facial expression
56
nerve supply to platysma?
facial nerve CN VII
57
The postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?
prevertebral (deep) fascia
58
Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and all other neck fascial compartments are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?
investing fascia
59
Vagus nerves, deep cervical nodes, carotid arteries and internal jugular vein are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?
carotid sheaths (2)
60
Oesophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, strap muscles and recurrent laryngeal nerve are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?
pretracheal fascia
61
Runs within the superficial fascia to drain into the subclavian vein.
external jugular vein
62
runs within the superficial fascia to drain into external jugular vein.
anterior jugular vein
63
where does the sternal head of sternocleidomastoid attach?
to the manubrium of the sternum
64
where does the clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid attach?
to the medial end of the clavicle
65
both heads of sternocleidomastoid attach?
to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
66
the descending part of trapezius attaches inferiorly to the?
spine of the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle.
67
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are innervated by?
spinal accessory nerve CN XI
68
carotid sheaths attach superiorly to the?
base of the skull, around the jugular foramen and entrance to carotid canal
69
carotid sheaths blend inferiorly with the?
mediastinal fascia
70
each carotid sheath contains?
- common then internal carotid artery
- internal jugular vein
- vagus nerve
- deep cervical lymph nodes
71
blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid?
- superior thyroid artery (from ECA).
- inferior thyroid artery (from R&L subclavian).
- ima - anatomical variant from brachiocephalic.
72
venous drainage of thyroid and parathyroid?
- superior thyroid vein
- middle thyroid vein
- inferior thyroid vein
all branches of internal jugular veins.
73
lymphatic drainage of thyroid and parathyroid?
superior deep and inferior deep cervical + pre- and para-tracheal nodes.
R drains to right lymphatic duct -> right venous angle.
L drains to thoracic duct -> left venous angle.
74
vagus nerves course in the head and neck.
branches from medulla oblongata to exit skull via jugular foramen and descend in the carotid sheath.
75
vagus nerves course in the thorax.
descends through the chest.
- Right CN X: lateral to trachea.
- Left CN X: left side of aortic arch.
Both course posterior to the hilum of the lung on the oesophagus.
76
vagus nerves course in the abdomen.
both pass through the diaphragm with the oesophagus and divide into terminal branches on the surface of the stomach.
77
vagus nerves in the abdomen supply?
abdominal organs with parasympathetic axons to the distal midgut.
78
where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?
under the arch of the aorta
79
where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?
under the subclavian artery
80
the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid attaches to the clavicle by the?
fascial sling.
81
name the strap muscles.
1. sternohyoid.
2. thyrohyoid.
3. sternothyroid.
4. omohyoid (omo= shoulder).
82
what type of incision is made in a classical thyroidectomy?
"collar" incision
| - in the direction of Langer's lines or the natural skin crease.
83
a classical thyroidectomy incision should be made where?
just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch
84
a classical thyroidectomy incision is made through?
skin and platysma
85
which nerve injury results in paralysis of the vocal cord?
recurrent laryngeal
86
unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury causes?
- hoarseness or weakness of the voice and a weak cough.
87
bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury causes?
aphonia and inability to close rima glottidis or to produce a good cough.
88
what risks are ass. with bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?
aspiration i.e. the inhalation of foreign objects into the lungs due to the inability to close the rima glottidis
