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ENDOCRINE > YR 2 ENDOCRINE ANATOMY > Flashcards

YR 2 ENDOCRINE ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine glands of the cranial cavity.

A

hypothalamus, pituitary.

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2
Q

endocrine glands of the neck.

A

4 parathyroid glands + thyroid

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3
Q

endocrine glands of the abdomen.

A

2 adrenal glands + pancreas

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4
Q

endocrine glands of the pelvis

A
  • female: ovaries in the broad ligaments.

- male: testes in the scrotum.

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5
Q

diencephalon is made up of the?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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6
Q

what forms the central core of the cerebrum, with connections to the right and left cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain?

A

diencephalon

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7
Q

what makes up the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

- spinal cord is the inferior continuation of the brainstem.

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8
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum/pituitary stalk

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9
Q

pituitary is anatomically divided into?

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

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10
Q

midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone?

A

pituitary gland

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11
Q

pituitary fossa lies within the?

A

sella turcica

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12
Q

pituitary gland lies immediately inferior to the?

A

optic chiasm

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13
Q

optic chiasm is formed from?

A

the right and left optic nerves

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14
Q

the right and left optic tracts pass the optic chiasm?

A

posteriorly

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15
Q

the right and left optic tracts pass the optic chiasm posteriorly to synapse?

A

in the thalamus

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16
Q

after synapsing in the thalamus, the axons in the optic chain pass?

A

via the optic radiation

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17
Q

axons pass via optic radiation to?

A

the visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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18
Q

optic chiasm compression has what effect on the visual pathway?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

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19
Q

why does bitemporal hemianopia occur?

A

APs of the nasal retina are disrupted by optic chiasm compression

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20
Q

name the paranasal sinuses

A
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • ethmoidal air cells
  • sphenoid sinuses
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21
Q

what lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

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22
Q

function of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • mucous production and drainage into nasal cavities through ostia
  • reduce skull weight
  • adds resonance to voice
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23
Q

how many groups of ethmoidal air cells lie between the nasal cavity and the orbit (on each side)?

A

3 right and 3 left

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24
Q

maxillary sinuses are otherwise known as?

A

antrum

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25
Q

Transsphenoidal transnasal approach requires surgical fracture of which structures?

A

nasal septum, the floor and roof of the sphenoid sinus(es).

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26
Q

the basilar artery crosses the pons where?

A

the anterior surface

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27
Q

the entire cranial cavity is lined internally with?

A

dura mater

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28
Q

a tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa.

A

diaphragm sellae

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29
Q

a tough sheet of dura mater tenting over the cerebellum within the posterior cranial fossa, but with a central gap to allow the brainstem to pass through.

A

tentorium cerebelli

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30
Q

what drains most of the venous blood from the cranial cavity inc. the brain?

A

dural venous sinuses

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31
Q

dural venous sinuses drain to the?

A

internal jugular veins

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32
Q

pituitary gland is surrounded by the?

A

cavernous and intercavernous sinuses

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33
Q

what connects the R&L cavernous sinuses?

A

anterior cavernous sinuses.

anterior to the pituitary gland

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34
Q

the internal carotid arteries within the skull, pass through the?

A

cavernous sinuses

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35
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins?

A

jugular foraminae in the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

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36
Q

the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is made from?

A

dura mater

37
Q

functional deficit of the CN III causes?

A
  • problems with several eye movements

- dilated pupil.

38
Q

functional deficit of the CN IV causes?

A

problems with specific eye movements i.e. eye points superolaterally.

39
Q

functional deficit of CN V causes?

A
  • sensory issues of face and difficulty chewing.
40
Q

functional deficit of CN VI?

A
  • inability to abduct the affected eye
41
Q

functional deficit of cavernous sinus?

A

venous haemorrhage

42
Q

functional deficit of internal carotid artery?

A

catastrophic haemorrhage

43
Q

functional deficit of dura mater?

A

CSF leak

44
Q

thyroid gland composed of?

A

2 lateral lobes joined by an isthmus.

45
Q

lobes of the thyroid gland attach to the?

A

lateral aspects of thyroid an cricoid cartilages and to trachea.

46
Q

isthmus of thyroid lies anterior to the?

A

2nd + 3rd cartilages of trachea

47
Q

a lump in the thyroid gland will do what during swallowing?

A

move superiorly and then inferiorly

48
Q

the 4 parathyroid glands are located where?

A

on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland’s lateral lobes.

49
Q

if a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is present, from which lobe does it most commonly originate?

A

the left lateral lobe.

some are not connected to the main thyroid gland.

50
Q

if a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is present, to where does it most often attach superiorly?

A

thyroid cartilage

51
Q

if a pyramidal lobe of the thyroid is present, to where may it extend superiorly?

A

as far as the hyoid bone.

52
Q

the thyroid develops embryologically from the?

A

tongue.

  • midline epithelial proliferation between anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
  • migrates inferiorly while remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct.
53
Q

in embryological development, when does the thyroid gland reach its final position?

A

7 weeks

54
Q

platysma are located?

A

immediately deep to the skin, within the superficial fascia of the neck.

55
Q

to which group of muscle do platysma belong?

A

muscles of facial expression

56
Q

nerve supply to platysma?

A

facial nerve CN VII

57
Q

The postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?

A

prevertebral (deep) fascia

58
Q

Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and all other neck fascial compartments are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?

A

investing fascia

59
Q

Vagus nerves, deep cervical nodes, carotid arteries and internal jugular vein are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?

A

carotid sheaths (2)

60
Q

Oesophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, strap muscles and recurrent laryngeal nerve are found within which fascial compartment of the neck?

A

pretracheal fascia

61
Q

Runs within the superficial fascia to drain into the subclavian vein.

A

external jugular vein

62
Q

runs within the superficial fascia to drain into external jugular vein.

A

anterior jugular vein

63
Q

where does the sternal head of sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

to the manubrium of the sternum

64
Q

where does the clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

to the medial end of the clavicle

65
Q

both heads of sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

to the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

66
Q

the descending part of trapezius attaches inferiorly to the?

A

spine of the scapula and lateral end of the clavicle.

67
Q

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius are innervated by?

A

spinal accessory nerve CN XI

68
Q

carotid sheaths attach superiorly to the?

A

base of the skull, around the jugular foramen and entrance to carotid canal

69
Q

carotid sheaths blend inferiorly with the?

A

mediastinal fascia

70
Q

each carotid sheath contains?

A
  • common then internal carotid artery
  • internal jugular vein
  • vagus nerve
  • deep cervical lymph nodes
71
Q

blood supply to the thyroid and parathyroid?

A
  • superior thyroid artery (from ECA).
  • inferior thyroid artery (from R&L subclavian).
  • ima - anatomical variant from brachiocephalic.
72
Q

venous drainage of thyroid and parathyroid?

A
  • superior thyroid vein
  • middle thyroid vein
  • inferior thyroid vein

all branches of internal jugular veins.

73
Q

lymphatic drainage of thyroid and parathyroid?

A

superior deep and inferior deep cervical + pre- and para-tracheal nodes.

R drains to right lymphatic duct -> right venous angle.

L drains to thoracic duct -> left venous angle.

74
Q

vagus nerves course in the head and neck.

A

branches from medulla oblongata to exit skull via jugular foramen and descend in the carotid sheath.

75
Q

vagus nerves course in the thorax.

A

descends through the chest.
- Right CN X: lateral to trachea.
- Left CN X: left side of aortic arch.
Both course posterior to the hilum of the lung on the oesophagus.

76
Q

vagus nerves course in the abdomen.

A

both pass through the diaphragm with the oesophagus and divide into terminal branches on the surface of the stomach.

77
Q

vagus nerves in the abdomen supply?

A

abdominal organs with parasympathetic axons to the distal midgut.

78
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

A

under the arch of the aorta

79
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

A

under the subclavian artery

80
Q

the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid attaches to the clavicle by the?

A

fascial sling.

81
Q

name the strap muscles.

A
  1. sternohyoid.
  2. thyrohyoid.
  3. sternothyroid.
  4. omohyoid (omo= shoulder).
82
Q

what type of incision is made in a classical thyroidectomy?

A

“collar” incision

- in the direction of Langer’s lines or the natural skin crease.

83
Q

a classical thyroidectomy incision should be made where?

A

just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch

84
Q

a classical thyroidectomy incision is made through?

A

skin and platysma

85
Q

which nerve injury results in paralysis of the vocal cord?

A

recurrent laryngeal

86
Q

unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury causes?

A
  • hoarseness or weakness of the voice and a weak cough.
87
Q

bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury causes?

A

aphonia and inability to close rima glottidis or to produce a good cough.

88
Q

what risks are ass. with bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury?

A

aspiration i.e. the inhalation of foreign objects into the lungs due to the inability to close the rima glottidis

ENDOCRINE (12 decks)

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