Yr 1 Flashcards
What framework is used to assure high quality and ethically sound clinical research?
Research governance
What does the policy rainbow show?
The wider determinants of health (from middle to outside)
- Non-modifiable risk factors
- Individual lifestyle factors (e.g. exercise)
- Social community networks
- Living and working conditions
- General socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions like stigma + faith
What contributes to socio-economic status?
- occupation
- income
- education
What is prevalence?
the proportion of population with disease at given time point.
What is incidence?
the rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific population over a particular period of time
What is absolute risk?
the risk of developing the disease over a time period (baseline)
SO: the number of people with outcome/ total population
What is relative risk?
absolute risk of exposed/ absolute risk of unexposed
What is the sleep homeostat?
- Wakefulness
- Sleep debt
- Sleep to repay debt
It tracks the intensity of our wakefulness to then alter the intensity of our sleep.
How is sleep measured?
Polysomnography (looks at eye, muscle movements and brain wave)
What is the alcohol harm paradox?
Those with lower socioeconomic groups suffer more than affluent groups despite drinking ≤ as them.
How do you calculate units of alcohol?
volume of alcohol x ABV (%) / 1000
What is the stress-diathesis model?
Disorders arise as a combination of pre-disposition and life experiences.
What is the poverty line?
the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country.
What is a gig economy with zero hour contracts?
a labour market where organisation contract independent workers for temporary positions- > paid per delivery of service
Give some examples of gig economy.
- UBER
- Deliveroo
What is universal credit for?
Protects people who are on low income. Helps with…
- child tax credit
- working tax credit
- housing benefit
- income support
What is cognitive capacity/ bandwidth?
Fixed resource in brain that does all of our thinking and background processes -> the more background processes (e.g. background anxiety) that are going on, the less capacity there is to do the right thing/ make the right decisions.
Write the causal pathway analysis describing how air quality can affect osteoporosis.
air pollution -> worsens asthma -> osteoporosis as ICS can weaken bone
What are the wider determinants of health?
- housing
- occupation
- finance/ economics
- crimes
- education
- social support
What is the 2 process sleep model?
Circadian process -> wake drive
Sleep homeostat -> sleep drive
What is the difference between social isolation and loneliness?
Social isolation -> measure of connectedness
loneliness -> level of satisfaction with your
connections
What are food deserts?
Places that have limited access to affordable nutritious food.
What are macronutrients?
- Carbs
- Proteins
- Fats
What type of fat is harmful and found in processed food?
Trans fat -> causes inflammation, insulin resistance, LDLs
What are the UK Chief Medical Officers’ guidelines for physical activity for adults and older adults?
- 150 mins of moderate exercise a week
- 75 mins of vigorous exercise a week
What is the evolutionary mismatch theory?
we are no longer hunter-gatherers that are constantly on the move- we lead more sedentary lifestyles. There is a mismatch between genetics and human environmental lifestyle.
What kind of inflammatory state does a sedentary lifestyle promote?
pro-inflammatory
What is the COM-B method for behavioural change?
- capability -> individual’s psychological (i.e. knowledge) + physical capacity to carry out an activity
- opportunity -> physical + social (doing it with others)
- motivation -> reflective (thoughts) + automatic (desire/impulse)
- BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE
What is nudge theory?
Using our inherent need for positive feedback to stimulate behavioural change.
- defaults -> opt in/out
- feedback -> playing into emotions
- social norms -> driven by our subconscious desire to fit in
What are the 7 pillars of self care?
1) knowledge + health literacy
2) mental well-being
3) physical well-being
4) healthy eating
5) Risk avoidance (e.g. reducing alcohol, drugs, smoking)
6) good hygiene
7) rational use of products/ services (e.g. taking medications properly)
