Yo

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ay

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at

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s

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the pests without damaging the crops. Malathion is an insecticide used

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to kill harmful insects found in the

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Pesticides have to be used carefully. One should cover his/her mouth

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and hands while spraying pesticides and not inhale it. Pesticides should

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not be used in exCess as they leave a residue in the soil which can be

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harmful for the crops as well.

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Harvesting

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crop fhelds.

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When the crops are mature

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they are harvested. The process of cutting

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and collecting the mature crop is called harvesting) A sickle is used

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for harvesting by farmers. In big farms

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large machines called harvesters

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are used to cut crops.

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Post-harvest processing

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Threshing: After the crop is gathered

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the grain is separated from

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the stalk by the process known as threshing

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This is done by beating

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the crops on the ground manually or with the help of animals which

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trample over the grains. On a large scale

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this work is carried out by

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big machines called threshers. (n big farms

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harvesting and threshing

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can be done with a large machine called combine)

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Winnowing: Once the grains are separated from the stock

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they have

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to be separated from husk

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chaff and hay. (Ihe separation of the grains

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from the husk and chaff is done by a process called winnowing. In this

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the mixture of grains with husk and chaff is taken in winnows

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and shaken

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and then made to drop from a height in the direction of

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the wind. Husk being lighter gets blown away by the wind

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while the

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heavier grains fall down and gather in a separate heap for recovery.

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Winnowing is also used to remove weevils

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pests or other impurities

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from stored grains

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process

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Storage of grains

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The grains are not used as soon as they are harvested

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they are stored.

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(Before storing

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harvested grains should be made free from moisture

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otherwise they get spoilt. Any moisture content in the stored grains will

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lead to the growth of microorganisms. So

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they need to be dried in the

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sun before storing

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Grains can be stored in gunny bags or metallic bins

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which can then be stacked in godowns. On a large scale

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storage is done

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in silos and granaries. The silos keep the grains free from moisture

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and prevent attack by pests. Here

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the grains can also be periodically

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inspected to check the spread of any disease. Godowns are fumigated

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to make them free from pests. Fumigation is the process of spraying

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vapours of chemicals to kill pests and infectionồ

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Buffer stock of grains: India is a vast country with a drastic difference

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in climatic conditions of different regions. At some places the rainfall

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Crop Production and Management