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Question 1

Describe the buccinator muscle

Answer 1

Origin: Pterymandibular RAphe, alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
Insertion: fibres of the orbicularis or is
Modiolus
Function : used in acts like blowing and sucking
Compresses cheeks against teeth
Assistant muscle of mastication
Sensory inner action:buccal branch of anterior division of mandible
Motor innervation: buccal branch of facial nerve
Blood supply ; buccal artery and maxillary artery
Drainage : pterygoid venous plexus
Pierced by parotid duct

Question 2

Blood supply and drainage , innervation of Thyroid.

Answer 2

Superior thyroid artery from external carotid

Question 3

Nerves of the cavernous sinus

Answer 3

The oculomotor nerve
The trochlear nerve
The ophthalmic nerve
The maxillary nerve
The abducent nerve

Question 4

Describe the tentorium cerebelli

Answer 4

Ho

Question 5

Tongue papillae

Answer 5

Fungiform- rounder in shape and larger than filiform papillae, found along the margins of the tongue
Filiform- small cone shaped projections
Vallate- 8- 12 in a single v-shaped line immediately anterior to the terminalis sulcus of the tongue
Foliate- lines the inner folds of mucosa on the sides of the tongue near the terminal sulcus of the tongue

Question 6

Parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland

Answer 6

CN- VII - CHORDA TYMPANNI ALONG LINGUAL NERVE AND SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLION

Question 7

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE LARYNX

Answer 7

SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL ARTERY - SUPPLIES AREA ABOVE VOCAL CORD
INFERIOR LARYNGEAL - SUPPLIES AREA BELOW VOCAL CORDS

Question 8

Parotid gland in full

Answer 8

Lymph drainage : preauricular ( parotid ) glands to the deep cervical chain
Blood supply via branches of the ECA
Posterior auricular a and superficial temporal a
Venous drainage : retromandibular vein
Sensory innervation is from the auriculotemporal from v3 and great auricular nerve (c2,c3)
Sympathetic : superior cervical ganglion - fibres run along external carotid artery
Parasympathetic innervation is by lessor petrosal n branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
Route : through otic ganglion and the auriculotemporal nerve

Parotid drainage in mouth -parotid duct runs on the anterior border of the masseter ,turns through buccal pad of fat and pierces buccinator and exits opposite 2nd upper molar tooth.

Question 9

Blood vessels that contribute to bleeding in the infra temporal fossa

Answer 9

Maxillary a
Middle meningeal v
Maxillary v
Pterygoid venous plexus

Question 10

Lingual nerve

Answer 10

Branch of the external carotid artery
It firsts runs obliquely superior and medial to greater horns of hyoid bone. Then it curves inferiorly and anteriorly forming a loop which is crossed by the hypoglossal nerve. It passes beneath the posterior belly of the diagastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle . Courses horizontally anteriorly , inferior to the hyoglossal muscle.

Finally ascending as the deep lingual artery after the sublingual artery is given off and turns anteriorly on its ventral surface.
The sublingual artery arises at the anterior margin of the hyoglossal m, and runs anteriorly between the genioglossus and mylohyoid muscle to the sublingual gland.

Other branches - the suprahyoid branch of the lingual artery and the dorsal lingual branches of the lingual artery

Question 11

Describe sternocleidomastoid in full

Question 12

Branches of maxillary nerve

Answer 12

Meningeal branch
Zygomatic n,

Question 13

Palatine bone

Answer 13

L-shaped , there’s a right and left palatine bone.
Vertical plate

Question 14

What forms the external jugular v

Answer 14

Posterior auricular + posterior retromandibular vein

Question 15

Maxillary artery

Answer 15

Starts at the neck of the mandible and continues into the pterygopalatine fossa. Divided into 3 parts by lateral pterygoid.
Each part has 5 branches

1st part ;posterior to the muscle
Deep auricular
Anterior tympanic
Middle meningeal
Accessory branch of middle meningeal a Inferior alveolar artery

2st part - in relation to the muscle
5 branches of mastication

3rd part - found in pterygoid fossa
Posterior superior alveolar artery
Infra orbital artery
Greater and lesser palatine a
Sphenopalatine a
Artery of the pterygoid canal

Question 16

Dermatomes of the head

Answer 16

Ophthalmic v1 - Supratrochlear n
Supraorbital n
Infratrochlear n
Lacrimal n
External nasal n
Maxillary v2 - Zygomaticotemporal n
Zygomaticofacial n
Infraorbital n

Mandibular v3 - auriculotemporal n
Buccal n
Mental n
Greater auricular c2,c3
Lesser occipital c2,c3
Transverse cervical n (c2)
Suprclavicular n (c3,c4)
Greater occipital c2,3

Question 17

Parotid gland

Answer 17

Serous, largest of the 3 salivary glands. Anterior to and below the ear.
It is pyramidial shaped. Base is related to the zygomatic arch and the apex is posterior to the angle of the mandible. Covered in skin and superficial fascia. The parotid gland is enclosed within the split investing layer of the deep cervical fascia. Superficial, posterior and deep to ramus of the mandible. Medial in contact with the medial pterygoid m, stylohyoid m and styloglossus m.
Inferior in contac with posterior belly of the diagastric. Posteriorly covered by the sternocleidomastoid and superficially by the masseter.

Parotid duct moves across anterior border of the masseter , turns through the buccal fat pad, pierces the buccinator muscle and exits opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth.

Question 18

Middle cranial fossa

Answer 18

Houses the temporal lobes

Anterior - lesser wings of the sphenoid
Posterior - sup. Edge of the petrosal part of the temporal part
Lateral- squamous part of temporal part
Floor - greater wing of sphenoid ad the anterior surface of the petrosal part of the temp bone.

Foramina and what they give out

Foremen ovals- MANDIBULAR N
Foraminifera spinosum- MIDDLE MENINGEAL A
Foremen rotundum- MAXILLARY N
Foremen lacerum - nothing
Carotid canal- internal carotid Canal
Superior orbital fissure- CN v1, CN 3, CN 4, CN 6
Optic canal- CN 11 , OPTHALMIC N

Question 19

Anterior cranial fossa

Answer 19

Antero lateral - frontal bone
Antero medial- Christa galli and cribiform plate
Posterior is the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

Question 20

Falxi cerebra

Answer 20

A crescent shaped structure that projects downwards between the tw

Question 21

Tentorium cerebelli

Answer 21

Horizontal partition that separates the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa from the cerebral hemispheres . Posterioly attached to the occipital bone along the grooves of the transverse sinuses. Attached laterally to the superior border of the petrous part of the temporal ending anteriorly by the anterior and posteriorly by the chinoid process.
The anterior and the medial borders of the tentorium cerebelli are free and they form an oval opening of which the midbrain passes.

Question 22

Fall cerebelli

Answer 22

A small middle projection in the posterior cranial fossa separating the cerebellar hemispheres . It is attached posteriorly to the internal occipital crest and superiorly to the tentorium cerebelli.

Question 23

Occipital triangle contents

Answer 23

Accessory n
Lesser occipital n
Greater auricular n
Transverse cervical n
Suprascapular n
And transverse cervical artery and vein

Question 24

Describe the subclavian artery

Answer 24

Left subclavian comes the aortic arch and the right subclavian artery comes the brachiocephelic.
First part f the subclavian ; starts from the origin to the medial part
Vertebral a
Internal carotid
Thyroc