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Ygyguyy Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs. Typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibers.

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2
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue diseases?

A
  • Systemic Sclerosis/Scleroderma
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  • Dermatomyositis
  • Polymyositis
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3
Q

What does scleroderma mean?

A

Hard skin

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4
Q

What is the epidemiology of scleroderma?

A

Uncommon connective tissue disorder, 2 - 10 per million worldwide, age 30-50, female to male ratio of 4:1.

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5
Q

What is the HLA marker associated with scleroderma?

A

HLA-DR5 marker

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6
Q

What is the aetiology of scleroderma?

A

Cause not known; precipitating event leads to excess collagen formation.

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7
Q

What are the types of scleroderma?

A
  • Systemic Scleroderma
    • Diffuse Scleroderma
    • Limited cutaneous Scleroderma
  • Localised Scleroderma
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8
Q

What are the clinical features of scleroderma?

A
  • Initial changes in hands, face, feet
  • Hand swelling
  • Sclerodactyly
  • Raynaud’s phenomenon
  • Fibrosis and thickening of skin
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9
Q

What are the clinical features of scleroderma affecting skin?

A
  • Dry, shiny, hairless, coarse skin
  • Smaller and tight mouth
  • Loss of wrinkles and facial expressions
  • Hand deformity
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10
Q

What are common musculoskeletal features of scleroderma?

A
  • Joint pain
  • Stiffness and swelling of joints
  • Limited range of motion
  • Weakness
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11
Q

What are the internal organ clinical features of scleroderma?

A
  • Lungs: dry cough, shortness of breath
  • GI: reflux, bloating
  • Cardiac: late-stage involvement
  • Renal: renal failure due to hypertension
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12
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for scleroderma?

A
  • No definite blood tests
  • Positive ANA
  • Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
  • Chest X-ray
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13
Q

What is the pharmacological management for scleroderma?

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Immune-suppressing medications
  • NSAIDs
  • UV therapy for skin
  • ACE inhibitors
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14
Q

What are the key components of physiotherapy assessment for scleroderma?

A
  • Skin changes
  • Deformity
  • Postural changes
  • Reduced range of motion
  • Muscle strength
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15
Q

What are some interventions tested for scleroderma?

A
  • Self-management programmes
  • ROM exercise
  • Aerobic exercise
  • Manual lymph drainage
  • Electrotherapy
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16
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

A

Chronic auto-immune disease that can affect any organ, characterized by multiple exacerbations and remissions.

17
Q

What is the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

52 per 100,000

18
Q

What are the ACR diagnostic criteria for SLE?

A
  • Cheek rash
  • Discoid rash
  • Photosensitivity
  • Oral ulcers
  • Arthritis
  • Pleuritis or pericarditis
  • Renal disorder
  • Neurologic disorder
  • Immunologic disorder
  • Positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
19
Q

What are common clinical features of SLE?

A
  • ‘Butterfly’ rash
  • Discoid lesions
  • Photosensitivity
  • Alopecia
  • Fatigue
  • Reduced exercise tolerance
20
Q

What are the musculoskeletal clinical features of SLE?

A
  • Non-erosive arthritis
  • Symmetrical joint involvement
  • Muscle weakness and pain
21
Q

What is the prognosis for patients with SLE?

A

Earlier diagnosis and medications have improved life expectancy, but there is a 1 in 6 chance of dying within 15 years.

22
Q

What are the management goals for systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

No cure; aim is to control symptoms.

23
Q

What is the emerging role of exercise in polymyositis?

A

Improves mitochondrial function, angiogenesis, muscle growth, and reduces inflammation.

24
Q

What are the clinical features of dermatomyositis?

A
  • Symmetrical proximal muscle weakness
  • Classical rash
  • Peri-orbital oedema
  • Calcinosis
25
Q

What is the typical age of onset for dermatomyositis and polymyositis?

A

Most common age is 40-60 years.

26
Q

What are the common diagnostic methods for inflammatory myopathy?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Blood tests for elevated muscle enzymes
  • Muscle biopsy
  • EMG
27
Q

What is the role of physiotherapy in the management of polymyositis?

A
  • Exercise
  • Low load strengthening and endurance training
  • Aerobic exercise
  • Education/self-management

Advanced MSK (9 decks)

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