YES Flashcards
Time sharing is a technique
Enabling data transfer is given time slots
Allowing a computer to speed up the computations
Enabling the execution of many processors on one processors
Enabling the execution of many processors on one processors
In order to add two floating-point numbers:
The result depends on which number we denormalize
When adding two negative numbers, we will get a positive one
Obtain the same result as one of the arguments, even if none of them is 0
Obtain the same result as one of the arguments, even if none of them is 0
OCR is a kind of software we use for:
Transferring images to text files
Wrong
Wrong
Wrong
Transferring images to text files
Data transfer from hard disk:
always involves buffers;
is much slower than data transfer from RAM to the central processor;
always involves buffers;
is much slower than data transfer from RAM to the central processor;
Al Khwarizmi
was writing the first computer programs
was making a living out of studies
wrote the solutions of mathematical problems in an algorithmic way
was making a living out of studies
wrote the solutions of mathematical problems in an algorithmic way
Creators of mechanical calculators were
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Blaise Pascal
Wilhelm Schickard
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Blaise Pascal
Wilhelm Schickard
chess won a game to human
10 years ago
NEVER
5 Years Ago
20 years ago
The following equations are correct in the floating-point system
110 0101 + 111 0101 = 000 0100
010 0100 + 010 0100 = 011 0100
101 0101 + 110 0101 = 111 0100
010 0100 + 010 0100 = 011 0100
101 0101 + 110 0101 = 111 0100
(0011) is a basic period of a number:
6/7
4/5
2/7
4/5
To represent in 2-‘s-complement system an integer with an absolute value more than 1.000.000.000, how many bytes do we need exactly?
30
16
4
6
4
To determine the average complexity of an algorithm we need to evaluate
all possible data
a specific layout of a random variable
concrete data
all possible to imagine algorithms
all possible data
a specific layout of a random variable
To determine the pessimistic complexity of a problem we need to evaluate
all possible data
all possible to imagine algorithms
concrete data
specific layout of a random variable
all possible data
all possible to imagine algorithms
Adding 1.4 + 8.8 in a floating-point processor we are sure that
the result will be rounded
all arguments are represented exactly
the result will be rounded
And the serial port is
always slower than a parallel port
installed in modern notebooks
used to connect a keyboard
always slower than a parallel port
The creator of the first computer is considered to be
Konrad Zuse
John von Neumann
John Backus
Konrad Zuse
Which one of these equations is false in the floating-point system
111 0111 + 000 1000 = 111 0100
111 0111 + 000 0111 = 001 0101
001 0101 + 110 0101 = 111 0101
111 0111 + 000 0111 = 001 0101
(001) is the expansion period of the number
1/7
1/5
6/7
2/7
1/5
Which of the following binary strings rounds best the given values in the floating-point system (3bit exponent + 4 of significand)?
100 0111 best rounds up 7/129
110 0111 best rounds up 7/33
101 0111 best rounds up 1/11
100 0111 best rounds up 7/129
110 0111 best rounds up 7/33
CD-R are written once, because
the lasers cause an irreversible fixation of magnetic domains
the surface of the disc is subjected to irreversible thermal damage
bits are so densely encapsulated that changing one of them would have caused a cascade of further changes
the interference of newly-written bits with the old ones would have caused too mcuh noise (hum?)
the surface of the disc is subjected to irreversible thermal damage
The cylinder count on a disc is
dependable of the formatting options
twice as large as the count of the plates
as itself as the count of the tracks of the surface of a plate
dependable of the formatting options
as itself as the count of the tracks of the surface of a plate
To connect a computer to a network you need a
stable connection
modem
cable
network card
network card
The packet’s route is decided by
the operator
the router
the packet itself
the router
The Turning test is
one of the instructions of the Turning machine
verification of a computer’s intelligence
a type of a logical condition
verification of a person’s intelligence
verification of a computer’s intelligence
Artificial intelligence achieved significant successes in the field of
automatic translation
facial recognition
help in decision making
game programming
help in decision making
Polish diacritic symbols are coded in Windows as
ASCII codes
bytes with their first bit being 1
two bytes
bytes with their first bit being 1
1 MB is exactly
10^6 bytes
2^30 bytes
2^33 bits
1,000,000 bytes
A megabyte is a unit of data capacity that is equal to 1,000,000 bytes in decimal notation (base 10) or 1,048,576 bytes in binary notation (base 2). The base-10 amount is also represented as 10^6 or 1000^2 bytes, and the base-2 amount is represented as 220 or 10242 bytes.
Critical path method is used to
find the shortest path in a graph
define the minimum time needed to end the work of a concurrent system
detect errors in logical circuits by tracking down the area of signal disruption
define the minimum time needed to end the work of a concurrent system
What happens during a linking of a program (program linking?) is
determining the actual address based on the relative addresses calculated for complicated modules
merging procedures found in the modules in one library
specification of the meaning of identifiers found in different modules
determining the actual address based on the relative addresses calculated for complicated modules
specification of the meaning of identifiers found in different modules
During the module compilation
the meaning of every identifiers found in the module is specified
relative addresses of allocation of every variable declared in the module are determined
object code is created
relative addresses of allocation of every variable declared in the module are determined
Pressing a key on a keyboard always sends
8 bits
16 bits
different sequences of bites relative to the chosen font
8 bits
For NP-completeness problems
there are no known polynomial algorithms
is known, that there are no polynomial algorithms
it is possible in polynomial time to check if the object is a solution for the given problem
there are no known polynomial algorithms
it is possible in polynomial time to check if the object is a solution for the given problem
Every algorithmic problem
can be solved, if we have large enough memory and enough time
for which there is a solution, the solution exists for every practical data
which complexity is (2^n) is practically impossible to solve for modern computers for data n>100
which complexity is (2^n) is practically impossible to solve for modern computers for data n>100
The fundamental problem of Charles Babbage was
lack of money
lack of technology and engineering advancement
a woman
lack of inventions
lack of money
lack of technology and engineering advancement
The idea of using punch cards was first realized by
Jacques de Vaucanson
Herman Hollerith
Charles Babbage
Herman Hollerith
The floating-point number 110 1000 has
a negative value
an absolute value less than 1/2
an absolute value less than 1 (because it’s -1/4)
an absolute value less than 1 (because it’s -1/4)
Are the following equations true in the floating-point system?
111 0111 + 000 0111 = 001 0101
110 0111 + 110 0100 = 111 0110
101 0101 + 110 0100 = 111 0100
111 0111 + 000 0111 = 001 0101
(101) is the expansion period of the number
1/5 0.(0011)
1/10 0.0(0011)
4/5 0.(1100)
1/5 0.(0011)
1/10 0.0(0011)
4/5 0.(1100)
In 8-bit code the signed number representation
11111111 represents value -1
10010000 represents value -16
11110000 represents value -112
10010000 represents value -16
11110000 represents value -112
Cylinders on a hard drive are
sets of routes created by the producer on which bits are written
equally distributed from the middle surface fragments on different plates which were created during formatting
spirally distributed surface fragments above which heads are moving
equally distributed from the middle surface fragments on different plates which were created during formatting
The protocol thanks to which the whole Internet works is called
http
ftp
telnet
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
The protocol allowing for a safe file transfer is called
ftp
http
ssh
scp
scp
The speed of reading data from a hard drive may depend upon
the speed of the disc’s rotation
the alignment of data on the surface of the disc
the location the hard drive is connected to on the motherboard
matching the frequency of refreshing the memory with the speed of data transmission forced by the controller
the speed of the disc’s rotation
the alignment of data on the surface of the disc
The Turing machine is
an abstraction, never made a reality
a prototype of modern computers, partly made mechanically
able to solve any problem a modern computer is able to solve
an abstraction, never made a reality
able to solve any problem a modern computer is able to solve
The only peripheral attached to a computer sometimes is
a bar code scanner
and the keyboard
and mouse
and the keyboard
The number 3/2004 in binary system has
an infinite expansion
a periodic expansion of the length less than 1111
a periodic expansion of the length equal 1111
an infinite expansion
Floating-point addition is
exact
Commutative
distributive
Commutative
(001) is the periodic expansion of the number
1/7
1/5
1/10
6/7
1/7
The standard RAM memory is realized in
magnetic technology
electromagnetic technology
electrodynamic technology
optical technology
electromagnetic technology
In 8-bit code the signed number representation
11111111 represents value 0
11110000 represents value -16
11110000 represents value -15
11111111 represents value 0
(0011) is the (basic?) periodic expansion of the number
1/5
1/10, because 0.0(0011)
2/7
1/5
1/10, because 0.0(0011)
To avoid the interference of the credit card number in online transactions
passwords are used
encryption is used
ppp connections are used
biometric parameters of the sender are used
encryption is used
The oldest known and used to this day common algorithms originate from
Ancient history (antiquity)
Middle Ages
18th century
Ancient history (antiquity)
Buffers are used in transmitting data from the hard drive
only when the user clearly requests it
only when it can speed up the transmission
always
always
Of different the ways of connecting to a network the least secure connection is
via modem
via cable TV
ISDN
DSL
via cable TV
Which of the following binary strings rounds best the given values in the floating-point system (3bit exponent + 4 of significand)?
100 0111 best rounds 7/129
110 0111 best rounds 7/33
100 0110 best rounds 1/23
100 0111 best rounds 7/129
110 0111 best rounds 7/33
100 0110 best rounds 1/23
1TB is exactly
10^12 bytes
2^40 bytes
2^43 bits
10^12 bytes
Packets are the size of
dozens of bytes
hundreds of bytes
hundreds of kilobytes
hundreds of bytes
What is the least amount of bits needed to represent all integers with absolute value less than a billion in two’s complement?
30
31
16
14
31
The usage of floating-point system compared to fixed-point system
increases the number of possible representable values
increases the accuracy in the whole interval of representability
increases the range of representability
increases the number of possible representable values
increases the range of representability
The Eucliedian algorithm is used for
finding prime numbers
finding the greatest common divisor
finding the smallest common divisor
finding the greatest common divisor
Operations on bits
are executed by the processor in order, never simultaneously
are only four: NOT, OR, XOR and AND
can be assembled creating more complex logical schemes
are only four: NOT, OR, XOR and AND
can be assembled creating more complex logical schemes
In the floating-point system
every value ranging -8 to 7 can be represented, though some with an error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
every integer of the interval of representability are represent without error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
In the floating-point system in which the exponent is represented by a single byte and the significand by 5 bytes
every value ranging -8 to 7 can be represented, though some with an error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
every integer of the interval of representability are represent without error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
every integer of the interval of representability are represent without error
The basic job of a network card is
providing a firewall
amplifying the signal
conversion of data formats between the computer and the network
virus protection
conversion of data formats between the computer and the network
Registers are
very fast carry-on memory of a processor
sets of indexes in databases
mediate memory used in data transmission to the hard drive
areas of the disc on which Windows’ parameters are kept
very fast carry-on memory of a processor
On the cover of the Polish edition of Brookshear’s workbook there is
and computer
a key
an image of a CPU
a diagram of a computer network
a key
Open network is a network
which is defenseless to attacks
which is not password protected
which connects computers within an establishment
to which users can connect on a public use basis
to which users can connect on a public use basis
Drivers are
devices thanks to which we assume a control over programs
programs thanks to which we communicate to devices connected to the bus
logical systems forwarding signals
programs thanks to which we communicate to devices connected to the bus
Adding 1.4 + 8.8 in a floating-point processor we are sure that
the arguments are represented exactly
the result will be exact
Reply the result wouldn’t have to be rounded
Sending a password in a remote login process
can be safe if we use some of the network services
is not used in serious practices, such as bank account logins
is always preceded by an encryption
can be safe if we use some of the network services
The speed of reading data from the hard drive is mostly dependent on
the speed of the bus
processor’s clock frequency
its contents and their meaning of having been distributed
its contents and their meaning of having been distributed
Data on CD discs is written
concentrically
spiral
physically in the same order it was sent
spiral
physically in the same order it was sent
To connect a computer to an analogous telephone line you need a
network card
stable connections
USB port
modem
modem
High level programming languages allow for writing code
straightaway in the processor’s language, which after compilation is ready for execution
which after compilation is ready for execution
which after compilation and consolidation is ready for execution
which after compilation is ready for execution
Multi-processing
is as same as having multiple processors
is not supported by some operating systems
is supported by Windows 95
is not supported by some operating systems
is supported by Windows 95
Assemblers
allowed for creating symbolic addresses
were created in 1950s
are used to this day
allowed for creating symbolic addresses
were created in 1950s
The speed of the hard drive is dependent on
the angular velocity of the plates
the number of the plates
the number of the cylinders
the speed of the heads
the angular velocity of the plates
the speed of the heads
Undecidable problems
cannot be algorithmically solved
do not exist
are problems for which there are no solutions but it is possible that there will be
cannot be algorithmically solved
When adding two floating-point numbers, what could happen is that
the result will be equal to one of them, regardless that the second one isn’t 0
the result depends on which number we denormalize
when adding two negative numbers, we will get a positive one
Division of time is a technique
allowing for data transfer in the selected time spans in the network
allowing for execution of multiple processes simultaneously by a single processor
allowing the computer to speed up the calculations
allowing for execution of multiple processes simultaneously by a single processor
allowing the computer to speed up the calculations
Each byte of ASCII text
is interpreted identically by every computer system, as long as its first bit is 0 and its value is over 31
encodes some letters
has 1 at the beginning
is interpreted identically by every computer system, as long as its first bit is 0 and its value is over 31
Abraham Stern
built a calculator, which automatically calculated roots
was a member of the Society of Friends of Learning
was a watchmaker
built a calculator, which automatically calculated roots
was a member of the Society of Friends of Learning
was a watchmaker
OCR is software with which
we can recognize handwriting
we can recognize signatures
we prepare text documents for printing
we can recognize handwriting
Memory on a hard drive is realized in
magnetic technology
laser technology
optical technology
electrodynamic technology
magnetic technology
In reversed signed number representation
every number has a non-ambiguous representation
to create a reverse value in reverse only the first bit
there are more negative values than positive
there are more negative values than positive
Are the following equations true in the floating-point system?
100 0100 + 100 0101 = 101 0101
111 0111 + 000 0111 = 001 0101
110 0111 + 110 0100 = 110 0111
100 0100 + 100 0101 = 101 0101
111 0111 + 000 0111 = 001 0101
The idea of using punch cards was first realized by
Jacques de Vaucanson
Herman Hollerith
Charles Babbage
Jacques de Vaucanson
Hiding the 1/2 bit in floating-point system is
a result of certain problems with representing 0 – it’s difficult to differentiate it from 1/2
used to double the size of the range of representability
common practice in most commercial realizations of floating-point arithmetic
caused by the need of obtaining an additional bit of precision
a result of certain problems with representing 0 – it’s difficult to differentiate it from 1/2
common practice in most commercial realizations of floating-point arithmetic
caused by the need of obtaining an additional bit of precision
The minimax strategy is
an algorithm used to optimize data flow in networks
a method of rating positions in two player games
a variant of the alpha-beta strategy
a method of rating positions in two player games
Protection from viewing the credit card number by third parties during online transmission is achieved by
encrypting with a public key
using single-use passwords
biomedical parameters of the receiver
using multi-use passwords
encrypting with a public key
CAR Hoare is the author of
pointer concept
logic of programs
instructions for choice
quicksort algorithm
quicksort algorithm
Following sectors on a single track of a typical hard drive contain
data in the order it was written
data from a single file, which must be located next to each other
data usually from different files located in such a way that reading it would be most fluid
data usually from different files located in such a way that reading it would be most fluid
Having only a single unit sized line segment and using only compass and ruler we can
calculate the cubic root of two
multiply any two numbers
calculate pi
calculate the root of a number
multiply any two numbers
calculate the root of a number
Increasing the frequency of a clock in a processor is
possible, but can cause it to overheat
possible, but can result in slowing down the computer
impossible, the clock is set once in the production
possible, but can cause it to overheat
possible, but can result in slowing down the computer
When we use a faster algorithm, doing less calculations on integers
we get a faster an more precise solution
we get a faster solution at the cost of loss of the calculations’ quality
we get the exact same solution, but faster
we get the exact same solution, but faster
Summing up n positive numbers in a floating-point system we would get the best solution
regardless of the order of the additions
adding them from the smallest to the largest
adding them from the largest to the smallest
Adding them from the smallest to the larges
The chess machine constructed by Farkas von Kempelen was created
at the turn of the 17th and 19th centuries
in the 20th century
in Vienna (Polish city)
at the turn of the 17th and 19th centuries
Cathode monitors
can be used everywhere there, where liquid crystal monitors can be used
in some cases cannot be replaced with liquid crystal monitors
are healthier to use than liquid crystal monitors
in some cases cannot be replaced with liquid crystal monitors
To connect a computer to a network via a digital telephone line you need
and USB port
a network card
a stable connection
A CD-RW disc allows for
deletion of all data and writing from scratch
writing new data in an empty space left by a removed file
writing the data at the end, if it is not too full yet
physical removal of some of the written data
deletion of all data and writing from scratch
writing the data at the end, if it is not too full yet
When using a faster algorithm, doing less floating-point calculations
we get the solution faster, but we loose some precision
we get the solution faster and we usually get more precision
we get the exact same solution, but a bit faster
we get the solution faster, but we loose some precision
The number of tracks on a disc is
the same as the number of the cylinders
set by the manufacturer
relative to the formatting options
the same as the number of the cylinders
set by the manufacturer
Using the fixed-point system compared to the floating-point one
increases the number of representable values
increases the range of representable values
increases the precision in the whole range of representability
Fixed point[1] math is unusually always going to be faster than floating point.
An eg. 32.32 fixed point representation never needs to deal with alignment, normalization, de-normalization, denormal numbers, infinities, NaNs etc. ( see here[2] for more information )
A parallel port is
used to connect a keyboard
suitable to work with a printer
installed in modern notebooks
always slower than a serial port
always slower than a serial port
To determine the pessimistic complexity of an algorithm we relate it to
all possible to imagine algorithms
all possible data
specific data
specific layout of some random variable
all possible data
To a bus you connect
and the fan
a hard drive
the power cable
memory
a hard drive
memory
Dominating operations in an algorithm are such that
for any data no operation is executed more times if we consider only one order of magnitude
executing one of them takes longer than all other operations
they execute the fastest for any given data
executing one of them takes longer than all other operations
In the floating-point system in which the exponent is represented by a single byte and the significand by 5 bytes
every value ranging -1000 to 1000 can be represented, though some with an error
every integer of the range of representability is represented without error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
every value ranging -1000 to 1000 can be represented, though some with an error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
A flip-flop (latch) is used for
storing data
data conversion
forwarding the traffic on a bus
storing data
The alpha-beta strategy is
used in OCR programs
a popular method to determine the strength of a turn in 2-player games
a heuristic used to solve NP-completeness problems
a variant of minimax strategy
a popular method to determine the strength of a turn in 2-player games
a variant of minimax strategy
Multithreading is a notion, which
appears only in multiprocessor architectures
appears in concepts of concurrent computing
appears in object-oriented programming
appears in concepts of concurrent computing
appears in object-oriented programming
Pessimistic complexity may concern
the amount of memory required to solve an algorithmic problem
time measured in amount of steps of the algorithm’s execution
the degree of complexity of the algorithm
the amount of memory required to solve an algorithmic problem
time measured in amount of steps of the algorithm’s execution
Fixed-point addition is
distributive
Commutative
exact
Commutative
CD-RW discs are written to multiple times
but only in order, you cannot put data in the middle
in such a way that the surface of the disc is subjected to reversible thermal damage
thanks to the lasers causing reversible consolidation of magnetic domains
but only in order, you cannot put data in the middle
CD-R discs are written a single time because
each parameter change of the surface of the disc is irreversible
the interference of newly-written bits with the old ones would have caused too much noise (hum?)
bits are so densely encapsulated that changing one of them would have caused a cascade of further changes
each parameter change of the surface of the disc is irreversible
John Backus is famous as the creator of
and the transistor
the computer mouse
the IBM 404 computer
the IBM 404 computer
NP-completeness problems include
boolean satisfiability problems
division of sets into two subsets of the same sum
tautologicality of a boolean problem
boolean satisfiability problems
division of sets into two subsets of the same sum
To determine the pessimistic complexity of an algorithm we relate it to
specific data
all possible to imagine algorithms
specific layout of some random variable
all possible to imagine algorithms
The relation “Problem A is reducible to problem B” is a
transitive relation
partial order relation
Equivalence relation
transitive relation
Who shares the public key?
The sender
The sender and the receiver
The receiver
The router
The sender
Which image is the most common in the Polish edition of Brookshear’s workbook?
A key
A house
And the computer
A key
Computer programs
must contain step after step respectively executed instructions
can be written in a natural language
can be edited in any text editor
must contain step after step respectively executed instructions
(010) is a periodic expansion of the number
1/5
2/7
1/10
2/7
The ENIAC computer created in 1945
was made in Princestone
had a method of recursion
weighted over 27 tons
was based on FORTRAN
weighted over 27 tons
Charles Babbage created the difference engine to
Lady Lovelace’s imprint
ably add and subtract mechanically
be able to find the solution to any function, not only polynomial
Charles Babbage created the difference engine to ably add and subtract mechanically
Check the correctness of the following equations in 8-bit complement code
1000 0000 + 0000 0001 = 10000 0001
1111 0000 + 1000 1111 = 1111 1111
0111 1111 + 10000 0000 = 1111 1111
1000 0000 + 0000 0001 = 10000 0001
0111 1111 + 10000 0000 = 1111 1111
In the floating-point system in which the exponent is represented by a single byte and the significand by 16 bytes
every value ranging -8 to 7 can be represented, though some with an error
every integer of the range of representability is represented without error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
every value ranging -8 to 7 can be represented, though some with an error
every integer of the range of representability is represented without error
the number of the values which are represented without an error is finite
The creators of mechanical calculators were
Wilhelm Schickard
Blaise Pascal
Heron
Wilhelm Schickard
Blaise Pascal
The following equations in complement code are correct for 8-bit integers
1111 1111 + 0000 0001 = 0000 0000
1000 0000 + 1000 0000 = 0000 0000
1010 1010 + 1010 1010 = 1101 0100
1111 1111 + 0000 0001 = 0000 0000
To determine the pessimistic complexity of an algorithm we relate it to
all possible data
specific layout of some random variable
all possible to imagine algorithms
all possible data
specific layout of some random variable
all possible to imagine algorithms
(0110) is the basic period of
2/5
1/10
4/5
1/10
To avoid the interference of the credit card number in online transactions
ppp connections are used
single-use passwords are used
multi-use passwords are used
To avoid the interference of the credit card number in online transactions, single-use passwords are used.
Compilation of source code is
as the same as its interpretation
for example translating a program written in assembly to a program expressed in machine language
a process which guarantees the possibility to execute a program compiled on the computer A, on a given computer B, regardless of the program compliance of both computers
for example translating a program written in assembly to a program expressed in machine language
The undecidability of halting problem for Turing machines implies that
you must use your brain to solve the problem if the program halts for given data
each problem to which the halting problem is reduced is undecidable
each problem that is reduced to the halting problem is undecidable
each problem to which the halting problem is reduced is undecidable
AI is known to have solved successfully the problem of
Decision support
Automatic translations
Natural language recognition
Decision support
John Backus is known as the inventor of inventor
IBM 404 computer
Transit
FORTRAN
FORTRAN
Eratosthenes sieve
requires additional memory
determines a set of initial prime numbers
was used to determine the radius of Earth
requires additional memory
determines a set of initial prime numbers
Cylinders on hard disk are:
false
false
Equaidistant from the center fragments of disk surface on all the plates;
Equaidistant from the center fragments of disk surface on all the plates;
interrupts
can happen when some physical events like mouse move, takes place
are managed by OS with the help of priority queue
always happened when you plug in or out a device
can happen when some physical events like mouse move, takes place
are managed by OS with the help of priority queue
always happened when you plug in or out a device
AI is better than humans in
checkers
chess
him
checkers
chess
him
The following parts are connected to a bus
RAM
AC cable
HDD
RAM
HDD
Interrupt mechanism
enables multiprocessing
can be run by the program
is part of the operating system
enables multiprocessing
can be run by the program
is part of the operating system
The Turk - von Kempelen’s chess machine
could make moves on the board
had programmed moves according to the rules of chess
was the first machine that could make decisions on its own
could make moves on the board
The role of the heap system is
possibility to choose the memory fragment to be allocated best with respect to the established criterion
quick response to the query about the existence of a free memory segment of a given length,
efficient booking and resoration of free memory
possibility to choose the memory fragment to be allocated best with respect to the established criterion
quick response to the query about the existence of a free memory segment of a given length,
efficient booking and resoration of free memory
Processors use registers for
loop optimization
archiving of obtained results
memorizing intermediate results of complex calculations
loop optimization
memorizing intermediate results of complex calculations
If we represent real numbers in the two’s complement 1-byte exponent and 7-bytes mantissa, with one bit hidden, then
all integers in the range of representability are represented
adding a number with an exponent lower by 60 to any number will not change it.
adding a number with an exponent lower by 50 to any number will not change it.
adding a number with an exponent lower by 60 to any number will not change it.
Floating point addition
always gives the same result, even when we add more than two numbers, regardless of the order in which the actions are performed
may require both arguments to be denormalized
can return one of the arguments even though neither is zero
can return one of the arguments even though neither is zero
In one’s complement code for integers
we have more negative than positive numbers represented
you can negate any number by negating all bits
there are two representations of zero
you can negate any number by negating all bits
there are two representations of zero
Virtual memory is a concept that allows
using cloud computing
using more memory than your RAM actually fits
use of external storage media to expand the operating memory
using more memory than your RAM actually fits
use of external storage media to expand the operating memory
The [start-formula] Theta [end-formula] notation
simplifies complexity calculation by providing asymptotic upper bound
defines a concrete function from a set of natural numbers into a set of non-negative numbers.
simplifies complexity calculation by providing asymptotic lower bound
simplifies complexity calculation by providing asymptotic upper bound
simplifies complexity calculation by providing asymptotic lower bound
The first Pascal compiler written by N.Wirth at the beginning of 70’s
allowed splitting the generation of code into compilation and linking
cost about $1000
was written in Pascal
allowed splitting the generation of code into compilation and linking
was written in Pascal
The number of disc cylinders is equal to
The number set at the formatting stage by the user
The numbers of paths on one plate side
The number determined by disk manufacturer
The number determined by disk manufacturer
Are these operations performed correctly in the floating-point system from the lecture?
111 0111 + 000 1000 = 111 0100
011 0111 + 101 0111 = 011 0111
110 0111 + 110 0100 = 111 0110
011 0111 + 101 0111 = 011 0111
110 0111 + 110 0100 = 111 0110
The idea to compile Pascal on a non-existing processor
Was never accomplished
Enabled compilation of programs on virtual machine
Was introduced by N.Wirth in order to ease writing Pascal compilers on all types of computers
Enabled compilation of programs on virtual machine
Was introduced by N.Wirth in order to ease writing Pascal compilers on all types of computers
When adding two floating-point numbers we can
Obtain the same result as one of the arguments, even if none of them is 0
Obtain different results if we add them in different order
Obtain different result if we denormalize the other number
Obtain the same result as one of the arguments, even if none of them is 0
AlphaZero Program
used Monte Carlo methods to determine the best moves
used neural networks to self-learn how to play good moves
was trained for several months before it was ready to play with full power
used Monte Carlo methods to determine the best moves
used neural networks to self-learn how to play good moves
In 8-bit code the signed number representation
11111111 represents value 0
11110000 represents value -16
11110000 represents value -15
The speed of data retrieval from the hard disk may vary
where the disk is connected to the motherboard
Processor frequencies
Bus speeds
The degree and method of its filling
where the disk is connected to the motherboard
Bus speeds
The degree and method of its filling
