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YES Flashcards

1
Q

“bone marrow syndrome”

A

hema syndrome

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2
Q

what cells are more severely damaged

A

oxygenated cells

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3
Q

can damaged oxygenated cells repair themselves

A

yes

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4
Q

how well do hypoxic cells repair and recover?

A

not as efficiently as oxygenated cells

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5
Q

what dose is safe for linear non-threshold ?

A

no dose is safe

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6
Q

linear threshold

A

there are no biological effects observed below threshold

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7
Q

stochastic effects mean

A

cancer and genetic effects

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8
Q

the frequency of a biological response to radiation dose, which can occur randomly in irradiated tissue, occurs by chance in unexposed as well as exposed individuals. no amount of radiation exposure is safe and there is ALWAYS a chance for tissue damage to occur

A

stochastic (probabilistic)

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9
Q

a minimum dose of radiation will not cause any biological damage or any amount of radiation below the threshold is considered safe

A

non-stochastic (deterministic)

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10
Q

linear dose response demonstrates that any dose of radiation will produce what

A

an effect

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11
Q

linear non threshold dose response model is used to estimate what

A

radiation effects in the diagnostic energy range

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12
Q

where is the graph curve with a nonlinear model

A

moved to the right

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13
Q

if a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome fatality occurs primarily because of

A

castrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a death to the exposed in 3-5 days

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14
Q

for people with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time what as the radiation dose?

A

increases

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15
Q

which of the following is not a form of acute radiation stndrome

A

carcinogenic syndrome

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16
Q

the term LD 50/30 signifies the whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to

A

50% of the exposed population in 30 days

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17
Q

some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses, examples of such include
1. bone marrow
2. male and female reproductive organs
3. skin

A

1,2,3

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18
Q

atrophy refers to

A

shrinkage of organs and tissue after a high radiation exposure has been received

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19
Q

what determines the rate of production of chromosomes all aberrations
1- total dose given to somatic cell
2- total dose given to a genetic cell
3- period of time in which dose was delivered

A

1,2, and 3

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20
Q

if females the oogonia, the ovarian stem cells

A

multiply to millions of cells only after fetal development

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21
Q

correct order of development for female germ cell from stem cell phase to the mature cell is

A

primordial, mature, corpus luteum, and ovum

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22
Q

which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of radiation

A

nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders

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23
Q

the prodromal stage of actuate radiation syndrome is actually the

A

initial stage

24
Q

research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a ?

A

cumulative effect

25
Q

the hematopoietic from of ARS is also known as

A

bone marrow syndrome

26
Q

organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on factors such as
1. radio sensitivity
2. reproductive growth
3. growth rate

A

1,2,3

27
Q

a term that is synonymous with epilation is

A

alopecia

28
Q

a single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt can cause a radiation induced skin erythema within

A

24-48 hours after exposure

29
Q

in 1898, after sustaining sever burns attributed to radiation exposure this Boston dentist began investigating the hazards of radiation to exposure and became know. as the first known advocate of radiation protection

A

william rollins

30
Q

the correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is

A

spermatogenia , soermatocyte, spermaid, and sperm

31
Q

attempts have been made to measure chromosome abberations after diagnostic x-ray imagine procedure

A

but successful attempts have not been achieved in these studies

32
Q

during cartivascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures that use high level fluoroscopy for extended periods the effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are

A

significant

33
Q

most and fry desquamation can be caused by

A

high radiation dose

34
Q

early tissue reaction are not

A

common in diagnostic imaging

35
Q

grenz rays were once used to treat and cure

A

skin diseases such as ringworm

36
Q

during the major response stages of actuate radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage the period when symptoms that effect the hema, gastro, and cerebro systems become visible is called

A

manifest illness

37
Q

radiation induced cataracts in humans follow a blank dose response relationship

A

threshold - nonlinear

38
Q

among the atomic bomb survivors the number of leukemia victims has ____ since the late 1940s and early 1950s. however the occurrence rates of other malignancies have continued to ____ since the late 1950s and early 1960s

A

slowly decline, escalate

39
Q

to assess the severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at chernobyl

A

low term follow up studies are necessary

40
Q

which of the following late effects caused by radiation exposure is considered to be the most important

A

csncer

41
Q

the human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemical similar to

A

calcium

42
Q

during the 50s and 60: the Navajo and new Mexico uranium fuel miners developed lung cancer years after their exposure. this provides an example of which of the following ?

A

late stochastic effects

43
Q

in general, laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with dose of ionizing radiation as low as

A

.1 Gyt

44
Q

mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called

A

spontaneous mutations

45
Q

existing data on radiation induced genetic effects in humans

A

are both contradictory and inclusive

46
Q

when a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers rises as the natural incidence of cancer increases with the advancing of age in the population, the risk is considered to be

A

relative

47
Q

what is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survival of hiroshima and nagasaki

A

1.56

48
Q

genetic effects of exposure to ionizing radiation occurs as a result of radiation induced damage to the DNA molecules in which of the following
1. sperm of a man
2. ova of a woman
3. somatic cells of men and women

A

1 and 2

49
Q

what do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common

A

they are mutagens that may increase the frequency of occurrence of mutations

50
Q
  1. x rays and radioactive materials used for radiation purposes
  2. employment related exposure in medicine and industry
  3. natural background radiation
A

1,2,3

51
Q

during the pre-implants on stage of development, the fertilized ovum divides and forms a ball like structure contained undifferentiated cells. if this structure is irradiated with a dose in the range of 0.05-0.15 Gyt which of the following will result

A

embryonic death

52
Q

radiation induced abnormalities are caused by unrelated damage to

A

DNA within ova or sperm

53
Q

some mutations in genetic material occur simultaneously without a known cause. in humans a hereditary disorder is present in approximately ___ of all live births in the US

A

10 %

54
Q

radial decays with a half life of

A

1622 years

55
Q

the term linear non threshold relationship implies that the biological response to radiation is

A

directly proportional to the dose all the way down to the levels approaching zero

56
Q

genetic mutations at the molecular level are called ehat

A

point mutations

YES (1 decks)

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