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Question 1

In the Milgram on obedience, why were participants told that the study was about memory when the real aim was about obedience?

Answer 1

Milgram argued that “illusion is used when necessary in order to set the stage for the revelation of certain difficult-to-get-at-truths”(avoid demand characteristics and act genuinely instead of artificially)

Question 2

Name 2 prods from the Milgram on obedience study?

Answer 2

(any two of)

1) ‘Please continue.’ Or ‘Please go on.’
2) ‘The experiment requires that you continue.’
3) ‘It is a absolutely essential that you continue.’
4) You have no other choice, you must go on.’

Question 3

What was the observation type of Milgram?

Answer 3

Controlled observation

Question 4

What was the sample type of the Milgram study on obedience?

Answer 4

Self-selected sample

Question 5

What were the conclusions from the Milgram on obedience study?

Answer 5

People are surprisingly obedient to authority.

The study demonstrated the power of the situation in obedience, rather than dispositional factors (that Germans are different)

A significant number of participants were disobedient

Question 6

What type of study was Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 2)?

Answer 6

A longitudinal study

Question 7

In the Loftus and Palmer. study on Eyewitness testimony (experiment 1), what are the 5 critical verbs?

Answer 7

Smashed, Collided, Bumped, Hit and Contacted

Question 8

What type of experiment was Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony?

Answer 8

A laboratory experiment

Question 9

What type of design was Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony?

Answer 9

A independent measures design

Question 10

In the Loftus and Palmer. study on Eyewitness testimony (experiment 2), what are the 2 critical verbs?

Answer 10

Smashed and Hit

Question 11

What were the conclusions from the Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony study?

Answer 11

Experiment 1:The way a question is asked can affect the answer given.

Experiment 2:Such questions influence the memory that is stored rather than just biasing a person’s response

This shows that 2 types of complex information make up our memory of a complex event. Firstly the information from our perception of the event and secondly the information we receive after the event

Question 12

What type of study was Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 1)?

Answer 12

A snapshot study

Question 13

What was the procedure Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 1)? (step one)

Answer 13

Participants were first asked to describe the accident and then given the series of questions about the film clips including one critical question: How fast were the cars going when they [insert verb] each other?

Participants were in one of five different verb conditions:
•Group 1: the verb was 'hit'.
•Group 2:the verb was 'contacted'.
•Group 3:the verb was 'smashed'.
•Group 4: the verb was 'bumped'.
•Group 5: the verb was 'collided'.

Participants were asked (on the questionnaire) to estimate the car’s speed in miles per hour (mph).

Question 14

What was the procedure Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 1)? (step two)

Answer 14

Participants were first asked to describe the accident and then given the series of questions about the film clips including one critical question: How fast were the cars going when they [insert verb] each other?

Participants were in one of five different verb conditions:
•Group 1: the verb was 'hit'.
•Group 2:the verb was 'contacted'.
•Group 3:the verb was 'smashed'.
•Group 4: the verb was 'bumped'.
•Group 5: the verb was 'collided'.

Participants were asked (on the questionnaire) to estimate the car’s speed in miles per hour (mph).

Question 15

What was the procedure Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 1)? (step three)

Answer 15

Participants were first asked to describe the accident and then given the series of questions about the film clips including one critical question: How fast were the cars going when they [insert verb] each other?

Participants were in one of five different verb conditions:
•Group 1: the verb was 'hit'.
•Group 2:the verb was 'contacted'.
•Group 3:the verb was 'smashed'.
•Group 4: the verb was 'bumped'.
•Group 5: the verb was 'collided'.

Participants were asked (on the questionnaire) to estimate the car’s speed in miles per hour (mph).

Question 16

What was the procedure Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 2)? (step one)

Answer 16

Part 1: Participants were again first asked to describe the accident and then given the questions about the film clips, including a critical question about speed: How fast were the cars going when they [insert verb] each other?

There were in three groups of participants:
•Experimental group 1: the verb was ‘smashed’.
•Experimental group 2: the verb was ‘hit’.
•Group 3 (control group): There was no question.

Part 2: The participants were asked to return to the laboratory a week later.

They were asked some further questions about the film clips they had seen a week earlier. One of the questions was ‘Did you see any broken glass?’ (There had not been any broken glass in any of the film clips.)

Question 17

What was the procedure Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 2)? (step two)

Answer 17

Part 1: Participants were again first asked to describe the accident and then given the questions about the film clips, including a critical question about speed: How fast were the cars going when they [insert verb] each other?

There were in three groups of participants:
•Experimental group 1: the verb was ‘smashed’.
•Experimental group 2: the verb was ‘hit’.
•Group 3 (control group): There was no question.

Part 2: The participants were asked to return to the laboratory a week later.

They were asked some further questions about the film clips they had seen a week earlier. One of the questions was ‘Did you see any broken glass?’ (There had not been any broken glass in any of the film clips.)

Question 18

What was the procedure Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (experiment 2)? (step three)

Answer 18

Part 1: Participants were again first asked to describe the accident and then given the questions about the film clips, including a critical question about speed: How fast were the cars going when they [insert verb] each other?

There were in three groups of participants:
•Experimental group 1: the verb was ‘smashed’.
•Experimental group 2: the verb was ‘hit’.
•Group 3 (control group): There was no question.

Part 2: The participants were asked to return to the laboratory a week later.

They were asked some further questions about the film clips they had seen a week earlier. One of the questions was ‘Did you see any broken glass?’ (There had not been any broken glass in any of the film clips.)

Question 19

What type of design was Grant et al on context-dependent memory?

Answer 19

A independent measures design

Question 20

What was the sample type of Grant et al. on context-dependent memory?

Answer 20

Opportunity sample

Question 21

What was the sample type of Freud on Little Hans?

Answer 21

Opportunity sample

Question 22

What type of study was Freud on Little Hans?

Answer 22

A longitudinal case study

Question 23

In the Freud on Little Hans study, what were the three components of the Oedipus complex?

Answer 23

(1) Boys desire their mothers
(2) They see their fathers as a rival, wishing them dead
(3) It is eventually resolved when a boy comes to identity

Question 24

What were the materials of Bocchairo et al. on disobedience?

Answer 24

1. reasearch committee ethics form
2. HEXACO-PI-R
3. Decomposed games measure

Question 25

What was the observation type of Bocchiaro et al. on disobedience?

Answer 25

Controlled observation (in a laboratory).

Question 26

In the Bocchiaro et al. on disobedience study on disobedience, What is the percentage of people who disobeyed?

Answer 26

14.1% (14% also accepted)

Question 27

What was the sample type of Bocchiaro et al. on disobedience?

Answer 27

Self-selected sample

Question 28

What were the conclusions from the Bocchiaro et al. on disobedience study?

Answer 28

What people believe they will do is quite different to what they actually do. This belief that they are ‘better than average’ may make them blind to social pressures and thus more vulnerable to them.

Situational factors rather than dispositional factors may offer a better explanation for disobedience.

Question 29

In the Bocchiaro et al. on disobedience study on disobedience, What is the percentage of people who obeyed?

Answer 29

76.5% (76% also accepted)

Question 30

What is reductionism?

Answer 30

Is the idea that the nature of complex things can be reduced to the sum of more fundamental things.

Question 31

What is holism?

Answer 31

Is the idea that living matter is made up of organic or unified wholes that are greater than the sum of their parts.

Question 32

Name the study that is most holistic?

Answer 32

Bocchairo et al

Question 33

What are the strengths of the reduction and holism debate?

Answer 33

The strengths of this debate relate to the value of breaking complex systems down to lower units which may enhance understanding.

Question 34

What are the weakness of the the reduction and holism debate?

Answer 34

The weaknesses relate to the extent that such approaches fail to represent the true complexity of behaviour.

Question 35

What is the behaviourist perspective?

Answer 35

An approach to explaining behaviour which holds the view that all behaviour can be explained as a result of classical conditioning

Question 36

What was the sample type of Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony?

Answer 36

Opportunity sample