Yellow Deck 2 Flashcards
Ideologies: Global Content
Imperialism & Colonialism
Define & Overview
Europe
Imperialism defined by exploitation/subjugation - one ethnic group controls other groups, territories - attempts to assimilate them or organise them for their benefit
- economic (rigged system)
- cultural (justifications, destroyed heritage)
Across C20: 50 states to 200 states - massive imperial expansion in C19 x8/9
Colonialism - formal transfer of sovereignty within imperialism
Distinctness of European Empires - geopolitics (great power struggle, concert of Europe), economics (industrial, free trade, globalism), migration (TO colonies), finance (imperial investment, 10% British GDP from interest), ideology (racism, liberalism, religion) [FIMGE]
Ideologies: Global Content
Globalisation
Define
Timeline
Defined by worldwide integration: expansion, homogenisation & backlash, hybridity, space/time compression [HESH]
C16->: European expansion following Ottoman conquests
- Trade connections, e.g. Silk Road
C19->: Retreat from America, integration through industry
- free trade focus, e.g. Opium Wars - interwoven economy leading to Great Depression of 1873
- internationalist organisations and cosmopolitanism
C20->: initial liberal globalism under LoN, then under the UN, NATO & WP, IMF, WTO etc - ideological unity
Ideologies: Global Primary Sources
Photos
Newspapers
Hitchens
Colonial Office Library Photography Collection
- use of cameras by advanced empires to record and internationalise events, e.g. Krakatoa (1883)
- Used to promote colonial unity and organise/catalogue knowledge
- focus on cultural peculiarities of regions
- Orientalism of Asia (perhaps due to rivalry with China) vs. Paternalism of Africa
Newspapers around Krakatoa
- spread of information within a few hours through telegraphs
- engravings appear within a month in ‘Harper’s Weekly’
- focus on the European perspective rather than natives
‘The Abolition of Britain’ (2018), Peter Hitchens - recounts his experience with Empire through news, movies, education, military family etc
Ideologies: Global Secondary Sources
Tooze
Vries
Conrad
‘The Deluge’ (2015), Adam Tooze - ‘liberal imperialism’ as a justification for Empire, internal contradictions unravel post WW1 in India, Egypt, Australasia; refusal to indulge Italian Imperialism; Wilson’s 14 Points
- Amritsar Massacre - 1919, 379 dead, 1000 injured - Dyer removed from Indian posting, army retrained for crowd control
- Freedom to Ireland, Dominions asserting autonomy (Canada with Laussane), Balfour Declaration + Statute of Westminister
‘The Limits of Globalisation’ (2010), Jan de Vries - disputes utility of ‘globalisation’ - umbrella term for integrated markets
- analysis of sea trade says little - land trade, e.g. Silk Road, more important
- aims at global trade made Europeans imperialists, not globalists
‘German Colonialism’ (2012), Sebastian Conrad - imperialism as a matter of foreign and economic policy IN EUROPE
- religion/science, capitalists (prevent overproduction), nationalists (New Germany)
- elites more focused on private reasons than power rivalry; socialists v. concerned with social effects
- sub-imperialism - idea of personal glory, nationalism, unstructured imperialism, e.g. Zintgraff and Cameroon
The Liberal National State Content
Liberalism
Nationalism
Liberalism - formed in C17, focused on individualism, egalitarianism, universalism, progressivism - internal tension between liberty and equality [UPIE]
Nationalism - emerges in C18 in two forms: civic (inclusive) and ethnic (exclusive) - descriptive vs prescriptive - debate over the significance of 1848 - ‘bovine nationalism’ described by Nietzsche
- Linguistic basis begins with Herder (equality), evolves with Fichte into judgement of languages based on purity
The Liberal National State Primary Sources
Spain
Wollstonecraft
Mill
Spanish Constitution of 1812 - civic national liberal state, includes foreigners and slaves, exclusive government, devolved power, national education
Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) - heavily links liberalism to feminism through saying a woman should be able to choose what she wants to do, even if that is ‘women’s work’
Mill - On Liberty (1859) - ethical manifesto for liberalism, focusing on problems of social tyranny - vindicates liberal imperialism - promotes nationalism as long as it in turn promotes liberty
The Liberal National State Historiography
FF
Hitchens
Tooze
Francis Fukuyama - The End of History and the Last Man (1992) - end of the Cold War as the triumph of liberalism and the end of human political development
Peter Hitchens - The Abolition of Britain (1999) - Classical and National liberalism is under threat due to complacency of individual morality, expanded state power and corporate agendas
Adam Tooze - The Deluge (2015) - Liberal Imperialism could not take its internal contradictions and justify itself any further post WW1, national sentiments were sacrificed by liberal movements however
