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Geog Componant 2 Mocks > Yeet > Flashcards

Yeet Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the uk’s main upland areas

A

North and West of the country

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2
Q

Where are the uk’s main lowland areas

A

South and East of the country

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3
Q

What are the three types of rock

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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4
Q

Igneous rocks formation

A

Formed when molten rock from the mantle cools and hardens
The rock forms crystals as it cools.
Usually hard (e.g granite)

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5
Q

Sedimentary rocks formation

A

Formed when layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock

Two main types:

Carboniferous limestone and chalk
Clays and shales

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6
Q

How are Limestone and chalk formed

A

Tiny shells and dead skeletons of dead sea creatures.
Limestone is hard
Chalk is soft

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7
Q

How are clays and shales formed

A

Made from mud and clay minerals

Very soft

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8
Q

How are Metamorphic rocks formed

A

Formed when other rocks are changed by heat and pressure. The new rocks become harder and more compact

e.g shale becomes slate, then slate becomes schist

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9
Q

Characteristics of granite

A

Very resistant
Forms upland landscapes
Lots of joints (cracks)
Impermeable - doesn’t let water through

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10
Q

Characteristics of Slate and Schist

A

Forms in layers creating weak planes
Very hard and resistant
Schist has bigger crystals than slate
Form rugged, upland landscapes

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11
Q

Characteristics of chalk and clay

A

Chalk is harder than clay
Forms hills in the lowlands and cliffs at the coast
Chalk is usually permeable
Clay is very soft and easily eroded
Clay forms wide, flat valleys in lowlands
Clay is permeable

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12
Q

Characteristics of limestone

A

Rainwater weathers the limestone through carbonation weathering
Limestone is permeable

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13
Q

What physical processes alter the landscape

A

Weathering
Erosion
Post-glacial river processes
Slope processes

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14
Q

What is weathering

A

Breakdown of rock into smaller pieces

Mechanical
Biological
Chemical

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15
Q

What is erosion

A

Erosion wears away rock

Rivers and sea constantly erode landscapes

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16
Q

What are post-glacial river processes

A

Melting ice at the end of glacial periods made rivers much larger with more power to erode the landscape

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17
Q

What are slope processes

A

Includes mass movement -

Shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope

Three types of mass movement:
Slides - shifts in a straight line
Slumps - shifts with a rotation
Rockfalls - material breaks up and falls

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18
Q

Three ways humans have changed the landscape

A

Agriculture
Forestry
Settlement

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19
Q

How have humans changed the landscape through agriculture

A

Clearing land for farming

Walls mark out fields

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20
Q

How have humans changed the landscape through forestry

A

Management of areas of woodland
Very little natural woodland left
Trees planted in straight lines, not natural

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21
Q

How have humans changed the landscape through settlement

A

Land concreted
Rivers diverted
Rivers straightened

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22
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks without changing its chemical composition

Salt weathering:

1) seawater gets into cracks
2) water evaporates, forming salt crystals which expand, putting pressure on rock
3) causes rock to break up

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23
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

Carbonation weathering:

1) seawater and rainwater have carbon dioxide (weak carbonic acids)
2) They react with rock that contains calcium carbonate.
3) rocks are dissolved

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24
Q

What is biological weathering

A

Breakdown of rock by living things

e.g plant roots grow into cracks, pushing rock apart

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25
Q

3 ways waves wear away the coast

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition

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26
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

Waves crash against rock and compress air in the cracks, putting pressure on the rock. This widens the cracks and makes bits break off

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27
Q

What is abrasion

A

Eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against rock, removing small pieces

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28
Q

What is attrition

A

Eroded particles in the water smash into each other and break into smaller fragments and get rounder

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29
Q

Concordant coastline

A

Alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to the coastline

Moving this way ————>

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30
Q

Discordant coastline

A

Alternating bands of rock are perpendicular to the coast

Moving upwards

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31
Q

What coastline are headlands and bays formed at

A

More common discordant coastlines because the bands of rock are being eroded at different rates

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32
Q

How is a headland and bay formed

A

Less resistant rock (e,g clay) is eroded quickly forming a bay
More resistant rock (e,g chalk) is eroded more slowly and its left poking out, forming a headland

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33
Q

How are wave-cut platforms formed

A

Waves erode the foot of the cliff the most, forming a wave cut notch.
The rock above becomes unstable and collapses
The collapsed material is washed away and the new wave-cut notch forms
Repeated, this forms a wave cut platform

34
Q

How are headlands eroded to form caves, arches and stacks

A

Cracks are enlarged due to hydraulic action and abrasion.
Enlargement causes the formation of a CAVE
Continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland, forming an ARCH
Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch and it collapses forming a STACK

35
Q

What is transportation

A

Transportation is the movement of material that has been eroded and deposited by waves

36
Q

How is material transported around the coast

A

Waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind
They usually hit the coast at an oblique angle
The swash carries material up the beach in the same direction as the waves
The back wash then carries material down the beach at right angles back towards the sea
This repeats and the material travels along the coast

37
Q

How do you constructive waves deposit material

A

Constructive waves are long, low, and have low frequency

This watch is powerful and it carries material up the coast
The backwash is weaker and doesn’t take a lot of material back down the coast
Constructive waves deposit materials such as sand and shingle along the coast to form beaches

38
Q

How are spits formed

A

Spits form at sharp bends in the coastline
Longshore drift transport sand and shingle past the bend and deposits at the sea
Strong winds and waves can curve the end of the spit
The sheltered area behind the spirit is protected from waves
The sheltered area can become a mud flat or salt marsh

39
Q

How are bars formed

A

A bar is formed when a split joins to headlands together
The bar cuts off the bay between the headlines from the sea
This means a lagoon can form behind the bar

40
Q

What human activities have direct and indirect effects on the coast

A

Agriculture
Development
Industry
Coastal management

41
Q

What are direct effects

A

They are an immediate result of human activities for example building coastal defences will prevent erosion

42
Q

What are indirect effects

A

Effects that happen as a result of the direct effects, for example building coastal defences will prevent erosion In one place but it can increase erosion further along the coast

43
Q

How does agriculture affect the coast

A

Agricultural land has a low economic value which means it is often left and protected, leading to the sea eroding the cliffs and the land

Changing the way farmland is used to can affect the stability of cliffs, for example vegetation helps bind the soil together

Land such as marshland is sometimes reclaimed and drained for agricultural use, reducing the natural flood barrier that marshland provides

44
Q

How does development affect of the coast

A

Coastal areas are popular places to live and work so there is lots of development

Coast with lots of settlements have more coastal defences which is positive for the coastline

There is a change in transportation and deposition along the coast because building On coast land restricts sediment supplier to beaches making them narrower and vunerable

45
Q

How does industry affect the coast

A

Coastal quarry is expose large areas of rock making them vulnerable to chemical weathering and erosion
Gravel has been extracted from some beaches for use in construction, increasing the risk of erosion
Industrial growth at ports has led to increased pressure to build on saltmarshes restricting the natural flood barriers and leaving the land more vulnerable

46
Q

How does coastal management have an affect on the coast

A

Coastal management such as sediment movement reduces the protection on the beach increasing erosion
Coastal defences can reduce erosion, preventing the landscape from changing

47
Q

How do you groins cause problems further along the coast

A

They cause narrow beaches the form further down the coast, increasing erosion down the coast

48
Q

How is rising sea level increasing coastal flooding

A

Rising sea levels would cause higher tides that would flood coastal areas more frequently, removing larger amounts of material from beaches and erosion of cliffs

49
Q

How is storm frequency increasing coastal flooding

A

Climate change is causing storms to be more frequent
Storms give the sea more erosion of power, therefore areas of soft rock erode more quickly

The sea will have more energy to transport material, leaving some areas being staffed and vulnerable to erosion

Storm surges could become more frequent and sealevel rise could cause surges to reach areas further inland

50
Q

Examples of hard engineering

A

Sea wall

Groynes

51
Q

Examples of soft engineering

A

Beach replenishment
Slope stabilisation
Strategic realignment

52
Q

What does hard engineering mean

A

Man-made structures built to control the flow of sea and reduce flooding and erosion

53
Q

What does soft engineering mean

A

Schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion

54
Q

Sea wall benefits and costs

A

Benefits include:

It prevents erosion of the coasts and acts as a barrier to prevent flooding

Costs include:

It creates a strong backwash which arose under the wall.
Seawalls are very expensive to build and to maintain

55
Q

Groynes benefits and costs

A

Benefits include:

They create wider beaches which slows the waves, giving greater protection from flooding and erosion
Fairly cheap

Costs include: they starve beaches further down the coast making them narrower
Narrow beaches don’t protect the coast as well leading to greater Rosian and floods

56
Q

Beach replenishment benefits and costs

A

Benefits include:

It creates wider beaches which slow the waves, giving greater protection from flooding and erosion

Costs include:

Taking material from the seabed can kill organisms
It’s a very expensive defence and has to be repeated

57
Q

Slope stabilisation benefits and costs

A

Benefits include:

It prevents mass movement by increasing the strength of the slope

Cost include: very expensive and difficult to install

58
Q

Strategic realignment benefits and costs

A

Overtime the land will become marshland-creating new habitats
Flooding and erosion are reduced behind the marshland

Costs include-

People may disagree over what land is allowed to flood such as flooding farmland

59
Q

Upper course of river

A

The gradient is steep
V shaped Valley, steep sides,
Narrow, shallow channel

60
Q

Middle course of river

A

Medium gradient
Gently sloping valley sides
Wider deeper channel

61
Q

Lower course of river

A

Gentle gradient
Very wide, almost flat valley
Very wide, deep channel

62
Q

What is vertical erosion

A

Verticle erosion deepens the river valley making it the shaped.
It is dominant in the upper course
High turbulence causes the rough, angular particles to be scraped along the river bed causing more erosion

63
Q

What is lateral erosion

A

This widens the river valley during the formation of meanders
Dominant in the middle and lower courses

64
Q

How does freeze thaw weathering help shape river valleys

A

Water gets into the rock that has cracks
When the water freezes it expands, putting pressure on the rock
When the waterfalls and contracts, it releases the pressure on the rock
Repeated freezing and thawing widens the cracks and causes the rock to break up

65
Q

What is traction

A

Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water

66
Q

What is suspension

A

Small particles like silt and clay are carried along

67
Q

What is saltation

A

Pebble sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the force of the water

68
Q

What is solution

A

Soluble materials dissolve in the water and the carried along

69
Q

What is deposition in the river

A

When a river drops the eroded material it’s transporting
It happens when a river slows down, this is because:

The volume in the river falls
The amount of eroded material in the water increases
The water is shallow
The river reaches its mouth

70
Q

How are waterfall is formed

A

Softer rock Is eroded more than hard rock creating a step in the river
As water goes over the step into roads more and more of the softer rock
A steep drop is eventually created

71
Q

How is a gorge formed

A

The hard rock from the waterfall is undercut by erosion and collapses
The collapsed rocks or swelled around at the foot of the waterfall where they erode the softer rock
This creates a plunge pool
More undercutting causes more collapses, the waterfall will retreat leaving behind a steep sided gorge

72
Q

How are meanders formed

A

The current is faster on the outside of the bend of a river because the river channel is deeper
More erosion takes place on the outside of the bend
The current is slower on the inside of the bend because the river channel is shallow
Eroded material is deposited on the inside of the bend

73
Q

How are ox bow lakes formed

A

Erosion causes the outside bends to get closer
Only a small bit of land is left between the bands (called a neck)
The river breaks through this land during a flood
The river flows along the shortest course
Deposition eventually cuts off the meander, forming an ox-bow lake

74
Q

What are floodplains

A

Floodplains our flat areas of land that flood

75
Q

How are levees formed

A

During a flood eroded material is deposited over the whole floodplain
Heavy deposited material builds up creating levees along the edges of the channel

76
Q

How are deltas formed

A

Rivers deposit material that they are carrying when they slowdown
If the sea doesn’t wash away the material built-up, the channel gets blocked
Eventually the material builds up so much that low-lying areas of land called deltas are formed

77
Q

Two main factors increasing floodrisk in the UK

A

Increased Frequency of storms

Land Use Change

78
Q

How has increased frequency of storms in the UK

A

Frequency of storms is increasing due to climate change.
Storms are becoming more extreme - more intense rainfall is increasing the scale of flood events
More rainfall means the ground is saturated, making flooding more likely.

79
Q

How has Land use increased the risk of flooding in the UK

A

Growing population leads to pressure to expand urban areas
Increase of impermeable surfaces - rapid surface runoff
Building on floodplains increases risk of developed areas as they are naturally prone to flooding.
More people at risk if flood defences fail

80
Q

Threats of flooding to people

A

People can be killed or injured
Roads, railways, bridges damaged/destroyed
Floodwater is contaminated with sewage
Businesses may be forced to shut down

81
Q

Threats of flooding on environment

A

Floodwater contaminated with sewage - pollutes rivers, damaging habitats
Farmland ruined by sediment being deposited after a flood
River banks are eroded
Force of floodwater uproots trees

Geog Componant 2 Mocks (1 decks)

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