Yeet Flashcards

Question

3 ways waves wear away the coast

Answer 1

Hydraulic action Abrasion Attrition

Answer 2

Waves crash against rock and compress air in the cracks, putting pressure on the rock. This widens the cracks and makes bits break off

Answer 3

Eroded particles in the water scrape and rub against rock, removing small pieces

Answer 4

Eroded particles in the water smash into each other and break into smaller fragments and get rounder

Answer 5

Alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to the coastline Moving this way ------------>

Answer 6

Alternating bands of rock are perpendicular to the coast Moving upwards

Answer 7

More common discordant coastlines because the bands of rock are being eroded at different rates

Answer 8

Less resistant rock (e,g clay) is eroded quickly forming a bay More resistant rock (e,g chalk) is eroded more slowly and its left poking out, forming a headland

Answer 9

Waves erode the foot of the cliff the most, forming a wave cut notch. The rock above becomes unstable and collapses The collapsed material is washed away and the new wave-cut notch forms Repeated, this forms a wave cut platform

Answer 10

Cracks are enlarged due to hydraulic action and abrasion. Enlargement causes the formation of a CAVE Continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland, forming an ARCH Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch and it collapses forming a STACK

Answer 11

Transportation is the movement of material that has been eroded and deposited by waves

Answer 12

Waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind They usually hit the coast at an oblique angle The swash carries material up the beach in the same direction as the waves The back wash then carries material down the beach at right angles back towards the sea This repeats and the material travels along the coast

Answer 13

Constructive waves are long, low, and have low frequency This watch is powerful and it carries material up the coast The backwash is weaker and doesn't take a lot of material back down the coast Constructive waves deposit materials such as sand and shingle along the coast to form beaches

Answer 14

Spits form at sharp bends in the coastline Longshore drift transport sand and shingle past the bend and deposits at the sea Strong winds and waves can curve the end of the spit The sheltered area behind the spirit is protected from waves The sheltered area can become a mud flat or salt marsh

Answer 15

A bar is formed when a split joins to headlands together The bar cuts off the bay between the headlines from the sea This means a lagoon can form behind the bar

Answer 16

Agriculture Development Industry Coastal management

Answer 17

They are an immediate result of human activities for example building coastal defences will prevent erosion

Answer 18

Effects that happen as a result of the direct effects, for example building coastal defences will prevent erosion In one place but it can increase erosion further along the coast

Answer 19

Agricultural land has a low economic value which means it is often left and protected, leading to the sea eroding the cliffs and the land Changing the way farmland is used to can affect the stability of cliffs, for example vegetation helps bind the soil together Land such as marshland is sometimes reclaimed and drained for agricultural use, reducing the natural flood barrier that marshland provides

Answer 20

Coastal areas are popular places to live and work so there is lots of development Coast with lots of settlements have more coastal defences which is positive for the coastline There is a change in transportation and deposition along the coast because building On coast land restricts sediment supplier to beaches making them narrower and vunerable

Answer 21

Coastal quarry is expose large areas of rock making them vulnerable to chemical weathering and erosion Gravel has been extracted from some beaches for use in construction, increasing the risk of erosion Industrial growth at ports has led to increased pressure to build on saltmarshes restricting the natural flood barriers and leaving the land more vulnerable

Answer 22

Coastal management such as sediment movement reduces the protection on the beach increasing erosion Coastal defences can reduce erosion, preventing the landscape from changing

Answer 23

They cause narrow beaches the form further down the coast, increasing erosion down the coast

Answer 24

Rising sea levels would cause higher tides that would flood coastal areas more frequently, removing larger amounts of material from beaches and erosion of cliffs

Answer 25

Climate change is causing storms to be more frequent Storms give the sea more erosion of power, therefore areas of soft rock erode more quickly The sea will have more energy to transport material, leaving some areas being staffed and vulnerable to erosion Storm surges could become more frequent and sealevel rise could cause surges to reach areas further inland

Answer 26

Sea wall | Groynes

Answer 27

Beach replenishment Slope stabilisation Strategic realignment

Answer 28

Man-made structures built to control the flow of sea and reduce flooding and erosion

Answer 29

Schemes set up using knowledge of the sea and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion

Answer 30

Benefits include: It prevents erosion of the coasts and acts as a barrier to prevent flooding Costs include: It creates a strong backwash which arose under the wall. Seawalls are very expensive to build and to maintain

Answer 31

Benefits include: They create wider beaches which slows the waves, giving greater protection from flooding and erosion Fairly cheap Costs include: they starve beaches further down the coast making them narrower Narrow beaches don't protect the coast as well leading to greater Rosian and floods

Answer 32

Benefits include: It creates wider beaches which slow the waves, giving greater protection from flooding and erosion Costs include: Taking material from the seabed can kill organisms It's a very expensive defence and has to be repeated

Answer 33

Benefits include: It prevents mass movement by increasing the strength of the slope Cost include: very expensive and difficult to install

Answer 34

Overtime the land will become marshland-creating new habitats Flooding and erosion are reduced behind the marshland Costs include- People may disagree over what land is allowed to flood such as flooding farmland

Answer 35

The gradient is steep V shaped Valley, steep sides, Narrow, shallow channel

Answer 36

Medium gradient Gently sloping valley sides Wider deeper channel

Answer 37

Gentle gradient Very wide, almost flat valley Very wide, deep channel

Answer 38

Verticle erosion deepens the river valley making it the shaped. It is dominant in the upper course High turbulence causes the rough, angular particles to be scraped along the river bed causing more erosion

Answer 39

This widens the river valley during the formation of meanders Dominant in the middle and lower courses

Answer 40

Water gets into the rock that has cracks When the water freezes it expands, putting pressure on the rock When the waterfalls and contracts, it releases the pressure on the rock Repeated freezing and thawing widens the cracks and causes the rock to break up

Answer 41

Large particles like boulders are pushed along the river bed by the force of the water

Answer 42

Small particles like silt and clay are carried along

Answer 43

Pebble sized particles are bounced along the river bed by the force of the water

Answer 44

Soluble materials dissolve in the water and the carried along

Answer 45

When a river drops the eroded material it's transporting It happens when a river slows down, this is because: The volume in the river falls The amount of eroded material in the water increases The water is shallow The river reaches its mouth

Answer 46

Softer rock Is eroded more than hard rock creating a step in the river As water goes over the step into roads more and more of the softer rock A steep drop is eventually created

Answer 47

The hard rock from the waterfall is undercut by erosion and collapses The collapsed rocks or swelled around at the foot of the waterfall where they erode the softer rock This creates a plunge pool More undercutting causes more collapses, the waterfall will retreat leaving behind a steep sided gorge

Answer 48

The current is faster on the outside of the bend of a river because the river channel is deeper More erosion takes place on the outside of the bend The current is slower on the inside of the bend because the river channel is shallow Eroded material is deposited on the inside of the bend

Answer 49

Erosion causes the outside bends to get closer Only a small bit of land is left between the bands (called a neck) The river breaks through this land during a flood The river flows along the shortest course Deposition eventually cuts off the meander, forming an ox-bow lake

Answer 50

Floodplains our flat areas of land that flood

Answer 51

During a flood eroded material is deposited over the whole floodplain Heavy deposited material builds up creating levees along the edges of the channel

Answer 52

Rivers deposit material that they are carrying when they slowdown If the sea doesn't wash away the material built-up, the channel gets blocked Eventually the material builds up so much that low-lying areas of land called deltas are formed

Answer 53

Increased Frequency of storms | Land Use Change

Answer 54

Frequency of storms is increasing due to climate change. Storms are becoming more extreme - more intense rainfall is increasing the scale of flood events More rainfall means the ground is saturated, making flooding more likely.

Answer 55

Growing population leads to pressure to expand urban areas Increase of impermeable surfaces - rapid surface runoff Building on floodplains increases risk of developed areas as they are naturally prone to flooding. More people at risk if flood defences fail

Answer 56

People can be killed or injured Roads, railways, bridges damaged/destroyed Floodwater is contaminated with sewage Businesses may be forced to shut down

Answer 57

Floodwater contaminated with sewage - pollutes rivers, damaging habitats Farmland ruined by sediment being deposited after a flood River banks are eroded Force of floodwater uproots trees