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Question 1

cell

Answer 1

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

Question 2

cell membrane

Answer 2

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Question 3

cell wall

Answer 3

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.

Question 4

nucleolus

Answer 4

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

Question 5

nucleus

Answer 5

The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells

Question 6

nuclear envelope

Answer 6

The nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Question 8

RNA

Answer 8

ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

Question 9

Protein

Answer 9

Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.

Question 10

Chromosomes

Answer 10

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Question 11

nucleoid

Answer 11

The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore

Question 12

cytoplasm

Answer 12

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Question 13

organelle

Answer 13

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Question 14

mitochondria

Answer 14

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Question 15

chloroplast

Answer 15

(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

Question 16

leucoplast

Answer 16

a colorless organelle found in plant cells, used for the storage of starch or oil.

Question 17

chromoplast

Answer 17

a colored plastid other than a chloroplast, typically containing a yellow or orange pigment.

Question 18

ribosome

Answer 18

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells.

Question 19

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a membranous organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

Question 20

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

Question 21

lysosome

Answer 21

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

Question 22

vacuole

Answer 22

a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

Question 23

plastid

Answer 23

any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.

Question 24

diffusion

Answer 24

the spreading of something more widely.

Question 25

osmosis

Answer 25

a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

Question 26

hypertonic

Answer 26

having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid

Question 27

hypotonic

Answer 27

having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

Question 28

isotonic

Answer 28

denoting or relating to a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid.

Question 29

turgor pressure

Answer 29

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

Question 30

plasmolysis

Answer 30

contraction of the protoplast of a plant cell as a result of loss of water from the cell.

Question 31

wilting

Answer 31

become limp through heat, loss of water, or disease; droop.

Question 32

activate transport

Answer 32

In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.

Question 33

passive transport

Answer 33

Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.

Question 34

golgi apparatus

Answer 34

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

Question 35

hydrophilic

Answer 35

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.

Question 36

polar

Answer 36

having electrical or magnetic polarity.

Question 37

nonpolar

Answer 37

A molecule may be nonpolar either when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because of the symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds in a more complex molecule.

Question 38

exocytosis

Answer 38

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Question 39

endocytosis

Answer 39

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

Question 40

microtuble

Answer 40

a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures.

Question 41

cilia

Answer 41

The cilium is an organelle found on eukaryotic cells and are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.

Question 42

flagella

Answer 42

a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim.

Question 43

phospholipid

Answer 43

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g., lecithin.

Question 44

hydrophobic

Answer 44

In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water.