Year Nine Flashcards
1
Q
What does it mean by ‘changing state’ ?
A
A changing of state is the process of turning from a solid, a liquid or a gas, into another one of those states.
2
Q
What are the separation techniques for the different states of matter?
A
Liquid particles - distillation
Solid particles - filtration
Gas particles - crystallisation
3
Q
What is an energy store?
A
An energy store is energy something can have.
4
Q
What is an energy transfer?
A
An energy transfer is a way something can get out or give out energy.
5
Q
What are the six different types of Energy Stores?
A
Chemical energy
Nuclear energy
Gravitational potential energy (GPE)
Elastic potential energy
Kinetic energy
Thermal energy
6
Q
What are the five types of energy transfers?
A
Heating
Light
Sound
Electricity
Work done
7
Q
What is the calculation for Gravitational Potential Energy?
A
GPE = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x height (m)
𝑮𝑷𝑬 = 𝒎 × 𝒈 × 𝒉
8
Q
What is the calculation for Kinetic energy?
A
KE = ½ x mass in KG x velocity2
9
Q
What is the calculation for efficiency?
A
EFF = KE ÷ GPE
10
Q
What is the magnification calculation?
A
Magnification = image size / actual size
11
Q
What’s the definition of magnification?
A
The process of enlarging the apparent size, not physical size, of something.
12
Q
What’s the definition of resolution?
A
The firm decision to do or not do something.
13
Q
What are the four units of measurement?
A
Centimetre (CM)
Millimetre (MM)
Micrometer
Nanometre (NM)
14
Q
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A
Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles.
15
Q
What’s a eukaryotic cell?
A
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
16
Q
What’s a subcellular structure?
A
An organelle
17
Q
What is an element?
A
An element is a substance made up of on,y one type of atom.
18
Q
What is a compound?
A
A compound is a substance made up of two or more types of atoms chemically joined together.
19
Q
What is a mixture?
A
A mixture if a substance made up of two or more types of atoms not chemically joined.
20
Q
What is a pure substance?
A
A pure substance is made up of either only one element or only one compound.
21
Q
How do Chemists find out if a substance is pure or not?
A
They use Melting points.
22
Q
Through melting points, what will the substance show if it is a pure sample?
A
A pure substance will melt sharply at a specific (sharp) temperature.
23
Q
Through melting points, how would you be able to tell if a substance was impure?
A
An impure sample will melt over a broader temperature range.
24
Q
What can we separate mixtures based on?
A
- Melting or boiling points
- solubility
- particle size.
25
What calculation would you do to work out a substances RF value?
RF = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent.
26
What can we use a chromatogram to determine?
- whether a substance is pure or impure.
- identify a substance by comparing its pattern spots with those of an unknown substance.
- identify substances using RF values
27
How many phases are there in chromatography, and what are they called?
- stationary phase
- mobile stage.
28
What is distillation used for?
Used to separate a liquid from a solution or mixture of liquids, based on different boiling points.
29
What is crystallisation used for?
Used to separate a soluble solid from its solvent.
30
What is filtration used for?
Used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid or soluble substance.
31
What’s the formula for the RF value
RF = distance travelled by a dye / distance travelled by solvent front
32
Describe the particles in a solid
- Particles are touching and very close together in a regular arrangement
- particles don’t move around but they vibrate
- solids have the lowest amount of energy
33
Describe the particles in a liquid
- particles are mainly touching but there are some gaps
- the particles are in a random arrangement
- they move around in any direction and slide over each other
34
Describe the particles in a gas
- gas particles aren’t touching and they are in a random arrangement
- the particles move around very quickly in any direction because they have the highest amount of energy.
35
What is the definition of an element
Made up of only one type of atom
36
What is the definition of a compound
A substance made up of two or more types of atom chemically bonded/joined.
37
What is the definition of a mixture
A substance made up of two or more types of atoms not chemically bonded
38
What does it mean in chemistry if a substance is pure
It’s made up of either only one element or only one compound
39
What is chromatography
Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of soluble substances
40
What does soluble mean
Dissolves in a substance
41
What is a chromatogram
Results of a chemistry practical
42
What is the baseline and what do you draw it in
The baseline is the starting line on a chromatogram, for the ink samples. It’s drawn in pencil so that it doesn’t run in the water.
43
What is a solvent line on a chromatogram
The solvent line is where the substance stops climbing the paper
44
How do we know which solvent is the most soluble on a chromatogram
The substance which is the most soluble is the substance which has travelled the furthest on a chromatogram.
45
How do we know which substance is the least soluble on a chromatogram
It will be the substance which has traveled the least
46
How do we know if a substance is insoluble
The substance would be insoluble if it hasn’t left the baseline
47
If, on a chromatogram, two substances travelled the same distance would they be the same substance?
Yes
48
How do we know if a substance is pure
If it hasn’t split into multiple substances
49
What is an RF value
RF values allow us to identify substances on a chromatogram
50
What is the equation to work out an RF value
RF = distance moved by substrate / distance moved by the solvent
51
What is the mobile phase on a chromatogram
A substance moving EG. ink, water or gas in an experiment
52
What is the stationary phase on a chromatogram
Something that isn’t moving EG. The paper in the experiment
53
What are the four main separating techniques
- filtration
- crystallisation
- chromatography
- distillation
54
What does filtration separate
Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid or solution
55
What does crystallisation separate
Separating a soluble solid from its solvent
56
What does chromatography separate
Separating a mixture of soluble substances
57
What does distillation separate
Separating a liquid from a solution or mixture of liquids
58
What is the simple distillation process
- evaporation (heat the solution)
- solution / water evaporates and rises
- cools and condenses in a tube to a pure substance
59
What are the three main stages of cleaning water
- sentimentation
- filtration
- chlorination
60
What happens in the process of sentimentation
Water is placed inside a tank and left there for a while.
This allows the gravity to pull down any excess insoluble solids which includes mud, leaves and branches to gravitate to the bottom of the tank
61
What happens in the process of filtration
This is where all the water which has been left over from the sentimentation can be filtered and completely remove any missed insoluble solids like mud particles and fine stones.
62
What happens in the process of chlorination
All the water which has been completely filtered, will be mixed with germ killing chemicals which destroys all microscopic bacteria.
Chlorine gas is bubbled through the water to kill microbes
63
Advantages of distilling sea water
- solves droughts around the globe
- increased water supplies
- we won’t run out soon
- increased water security
- diverse applications
64
Disadvantages of distilling sea water
- Bad for any sea creatures
- can be expensive when you need to boil it
- a longer process
65
Name the seven key dates and names of the atomic structure
1803 - dalton model
1897 - electrons discovered by JJ Thompson
1904 - plum pudding model
1911 - nuclear model
1913 - planetary model
1918 - E Rutherford discovered protons and how they have a positive charge
1932 - James Chadwick discovered neutrons and how they have a negative charge
66
What is configuration
How parts are arranged
67
What is an isotope
An isotope is an atom with the same number of protons but it has a different inner of neutrons
68
What is a neutron also called
The mass number
69
What is an abundance
How much there is of something
70
What is a protons relative mass and relative charge
RELATIVE MASS - 1
RELATIVE CHARGE - +1
71
What is a neutrons relative mass and relative charge
RELATIVE MASS - 1
RELATIVE CHARGE - 0
72
What is a electrons relative mass and relative charge
RELATIVE MASS - negligible
RELATIVE CHARGE - -1
73
What’s the top number on a periodic square
The mass or nucleonic number
74
What’s the bottom number on a periodic square and what does it show
Shows the amount of atoms and the atom type
Called the atomic or proton number
75
What are the letters on a periodic square
It’s the chemical symbol and the first letter is always uppercase and the second letter is always lowercase
76
What is the definition of a cell
The basic building block of all animals and plants
77
What is the definition of a tissue
A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function
78
What is the definition of a organ
A group of tissues that work together to carry out a function or important purpose
79
What is the definition of a system
Multiple organs working together eg. The digestive tract
80
Name all six plant cell parts
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Rhibhosomes
Cell walls
Membrane
81
What’s the function of a vacuole in a plant cell
Gets rid of waste
82
What’s the function of a chloroplast in a plant cell
Does photosynthesis
83
What’s the function of mictocondria in a plant cell
Creates energy
84
What’s the function of ribhosomes in a plant cell
Creates proteins
85
What’s the function of the cell wall in a plant cell
Creates structure
86
What’s the function of the membrane in the plant cell
Protection
87
Name all five animal cell parts
Membrane
Nucleus
Rhibohsomes
Mictocondria
Cytoplasm
88
What’s the function of the membrane in an animal cell
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
89
What’s the function of the nucleus in the animal cell
Stores DNA and controls the cell
90
What’s the function of rhibohsomes in an animal cell
Makes proteins
91
What’s the function of cytoplasm in an animal cell
Liquid contains water
92
Name eight specialised cell examples
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Sperm cell
Root hair cell
Egg cell
Nerve cell
Ciliated cell
93
List the eight stages of digestion
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum / anus
94
What test is used to test for fats
Emulsion
95
What test is used to test for protein
Buiret test
96
What test is used to test for reducing sugars
Benedicts test
97
What test is used to test for starch
Iodine solution
98
What is an enzyme
A biological catalyst which speeds up reactions made of proteins. (Without these you’d die)
99
What is an amylase
Breaks down carbohydrates into starch which is then used again to turn starch into Maltase
100
What’s the lock and key theory
Where an enzyme (lock) and substrate (key) are a perfect fit, which is why it’s known as the ‘lock and key’ theory.
101
What is the induced fit model
Where the enzyme will change shape slightly to accommodate the substrate
102
What’s denaturation
The active site being shifted out of repair or broken ranking the enzyme useless
103
What’s mitosis
Mitosis is a nucleur division that gives rise to two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
104
What is osmosis
The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water pollution to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.
105
Is osmosis passive
Yes
106
What does hypertonic mean
High concentration of sugars
107
What does isotonic mean
Balanced sugar concentration
108
What does hypotonic mean
Low concentration of sugars
109
What is displacement
Displacement is the distance an object moves in a straight line from a starting point to a finishing point.
110
Is displacement a vector quantity
Yes
111
Why is displacement a vector quantity
Because it contains a size and direction
112
In simple terms what is distance
How far an object moves
113
Is distance a scalar quantity
Yes
114
Is speed a scalar quantity
Yes
115
Do scalar quantities only have a magnitude
Yes
116
Do scalar quantities have a direction
No
117
True or false: Velocity describes an object’s direction as well as its speed.
True
118
Is velocity a vector quantity
Yes
119
Is speed the same a velocity
No
120
Speed is an example of ____________quantity because you don’t need to state its direction
Scalar
121
Velocity describes an objects _______ as well as its ________.
Direction and speed
122
Is velocity a vector
Yes
123
Do scalar quantities have both magnitude and direction
No only magnitude
124
Which of these is not a scalar quantity
1. Speed
2. Velocity
3. Mass
4. Energy
2. Velocity
125
How is an objects speed shown on a graph?
The gradient (slope)
126
True or false? If an object’s speed increases, the object will travel a longer distance in the same amount of time.
True
127
If an object’s speed decreases, will the object will travel a shorter distance in the same amount of time?
Yes
128
If an object’s speed is constant, then the speed-time graph will be horizontal.
True
129
Acceleration determines the change in ______
Speed
130
If the speed of an object increases with time, its graph will have a _________ gradient.
Positive
131
If an object slows down, its graph will have a __________ gradient.
Negative
132
How do you work out the area of a rectangle
The area of a rectangle = base x height.
133
How do you work out the area of a triangle?
The area of a triangle = 0.5 x base x height.
134
How do you work out the average speed?
The average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken.
Average speed = total distance ÷ total time.
135
The _________ is equal to the initial velocity multiplied by the time add half of the acceleration times by time squared.
Distance
136
In ______ John Dalton first suggested that all matter is made of atoms and that atoms cannot be split.
1803
137
Scientists improved Dalton’s original model of an atom with the discovery of sub-atomic ________.
Particles
138
In ______, an English physicist called J. J. Thomson discovered __________.
1897 and electrons
139
In 1909 ___________ Rutherford discovered that alpha particles could ________ back off atoms
Ernest and bounce
140
What did Ernest Rutherford conclude
He concluded that an atom's mass is concentrated in the atom's centre
141
True or false: In 1932, JJ Thompson discovered that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all. He called them neutrons.
James Chadwick
142
What was the name of the first atom model
Plum pudding model
143
True or false: Protons have a relative charge of +1.
True
144
Where are protons found
The nucleus
145
True or false: Electrons have a relative charge of -1.
True
146
Where are electrons found
They are found in fixed orbits around the nucleus.
147
True or false: neutrons are neutral
Neutrons have a relative charge of 0 - they are neutral.
148
The atomic number is the number of protons in the _____.
Atom
