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Chemistry > year 9 end of years > Flashcards

year 9 end of years Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an atom?

A

the smallest part of an element

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2
Q

what is a molecule?

A

a substance made of more than one atom

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3
Q

what is an element?

A

one type of atom on its own or joined to another atom of the same type

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4
Q

what is a compound?

A

different types of atom joined by a chemical bond

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5
Q

what is a mixture?

A

different types of atoms or compounds that can be physically separated (no chemical bond)

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6
Q

what is an atomic number and what does it represent?

A

the atomic number represents the number of electrons which is also the number of protons - it is normally the smaller bottom - on the bottom

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7
Q

what is a mass number?

A

the mass number is the sum of protons + neutrons - it is normally the bigger number - on the top

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8
Q

what is an isotope?

A

isotopes have the same atomic number but a different mass number (same amount of protons, different amounts of neutrons)

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9
Q

what does RAM stand for?

A

Relative Atomic Mass (it can also be written as a capital A with a small r)

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10
Q

what is relative atomic mass?

A

a formula (measuring the weight in grams of the number of atoms of the element)

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11
Q

what is the RAM formula?

A

(mass number x natural abundance) + (mass number x natural abundance) divided by 100

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12
Q

what is a solvent?

A

the liquid in which a solute is dissolved

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13
Q

what is a solute?

A

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

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14
Q

what is a solution?

A

formed when the solute and solvent mix

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15
Q

what is a saturated solution?

A

a solution that has dissolved as much as it is capable of dissolving

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16
Q

what is simple distillation?

A

the solution is heated until the substance with the lowest boiling point starts to evaporate. The vapour is cooled and condenses (turns back to liquid). This liquid is then collected, leaving the rest of the solution back in the original conical flask

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17
Q

what is fractional distillation?

A

this is the same as simple distillation, but the original solution is heated by an electrical heater

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18
Q

what is filtration?

A

filter paper is placed in a funnel above a beaker, the mixture of an insoluble solid and liquid is poured through which will only allow small liquid particles to pass through as filtrate. the solid particles are left on top

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19
Q

what is crystallisation?

A

the solution is heated, allowing the solvent to evaporate to leave a saturated solution, which is then allowed to cool and solids will come out of the solution and crystals will grow

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20
Q

what is paper chromatography?

A

a pencil line is drawn on chromatography paper, and spots of ink/dye are placed on it. Paper is lowered into solvent, allowing the solvent to travel up the paper, taking some of the coloured substances with it. Different substances have different solubilities so will travel at different rates, causing the substances to spread out

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21
Q

how does chromatography provide information about the composition of a mixture?

A

it shows how the mixture is made by showing the solubility of the different substances that make the mixture

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22
Q

how do you figure out the Rf value?

A

(distance travelled by component) divided by (distance travelled by the solvent)

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23
Q

does the Rf value have to be between 0 and 1?

A

yes

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24
Q

‘the smaller the Rf value, the more soluble the substance is’. Is this true?

A

no, it’s ‘the bigger the Rf value, the more soluble the substance is’

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25
Q

what are the four factors that affect the rate of reaction?

A

concentration, temperature, use of catalyst and surface area of solid reactions

26
Q

in filtration, what is the stuff that goes through the filter paper called?

A

residue

27
Q

in filtration, what is the liquid that gets collected at the bottom called?

A

filtrate

28
Q

what charge are protons?

A

positive (+1)

29
Q

what charge are neutrons?

A

neutral - no charge (0)

30
Q

what charge are electrons?

A

negative (-1)

31
Q

where are protons found?

A

in the nucleus of an atom

32
Q

where are neutrons found?

A

in the nucleus of an atom

33
Q

where are electrons found?

A

on the shells on the outside of an atom

34
Q

what is the mass of protons?

A

1

35
Q

what is the mass of neutrons?

A

1

36
Q

what is the mass of electrons?

A

almost 0

37
Q

what are energy shells?

A

areas around the nucleus where you can find electrons and are usually drawn as circles

38
Q

in metal ions, is it true that they loose their outer shell?

A

yes

39
Q

in non-metal ions, do they gain electrons to complete the shell?

A

yes

40
Q

what are some properties of metals?

A

silver/gold, higher melting point, shiny, conduct heat and electricity and some are magnetic

41
Q

what are some properties of non-metals?

A

dull, lower melting point, brittle and does not conduct electricity

42
Q

what is the name of group 1 elements?

A

alkali metals

43
Q

what is the name of group 7 elements?

A

halogens

44
Q

what is the name of group 0 elements?

A

the noble gases

45
Q

as you go down group 1, do the elements become more or less reactive?

A

more reactive

46
Q

as you go down group 7, do the elements become more or less reactive?

A

less reactive

47
Q

why are group 0 elements unreactive?

A

they already have a full outer shell

48
Q

when you go down group 7 do the elements boiling points increase or decrease?

A

increases

49
Q

as you go down group 1, the elements are more reactive. why?

A

group 1 elements only have 1 electron on their outer shell meaning to react they have to loose that electron. when the outer electron gets further away from the nucleus there is less attraction so it is easer to loos the electron

50
Q

as you go down group 7, the elements get less reactive. why?

A

group 7 elements have 7 electrons on their outer shell so they have to gain 1 more to have a full outer shell. it is easy to gain an electron when the outer shell is close to the nucleus so when the outer shell gets further away it gets harder to gain that electron

51
Q

why do the boiling points of group 7 elements increase when you go down the group?

A

the heavier/bigger the atom, the bigger the bond, so it is harder to break it apart and requires more energy to do so

52
Q

what colour is fluorine?

A

pale yellow (gas)

53
Q

what colour is chlorine?

A

pale green / yellow (gas)

54
Q

what colour is bromine)

A

red-brown (liquid)

55
Q

what colour is iodine?

A

grey solid / pink gas

56
Q

in ionic bonding, do metals loose or gain the outer shell?

A

metals loose their outer shell

57
Q

in ionic bonding, do non-metals loose or gain the outer shell?

A

non-metals gain electrons to make a full outer shell

58
Q

what is diffusion?

A

gradual movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

59
Q

what is it called when you go from?
a) a solid to gas?
b) a gas to solid?

A

a) sublimation
b) deposition

60
Q

what is it called when you go from?
a) a liquid to gas?
b) a gas to liquid?

A

a) evaporation
b) condensation

60
Q

what is it called when you go from?
a) a solid to liquid?
b) a liquid to solid?

A

a) melting
b) freezing

Chemistry (2 decks)

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