Year 8 Semester 2 Science Exam (Biology) Flashcards
What does the circulatory system comprise of?
the heart, aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, pulmonary veins, bicuspid and tricuspid valves, semilunar valves, and blood vessels
How many chambers are in a heart?
four chambers, the left atrium, the right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
What does the respiratory system comprise of?
Nasal cavity, mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Veins, arteries, and capillaries
What are the purpose and characteristics of veins?
Veins carry blood towards the heart at low pressure. They have thin walls and have valves to prevent blood from flowing the wrong way
What is the purpose and characteristics of an Arterie
Arteries carry blood away from the heart at a high pressure. They have thick walls and aren’t found close to the body’s surface
What are the purpose and characteristics of capilleries
They are narrow, have very thin walls which allow exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and cells
What is the purpose and quantity of Platelets?
Platelets make up 0.01% of blood. they aid in clotting blood.
What are the four main types of blood?
A, B, AB, and O as well as a rhesus factor (either Rh+ or Rh-)
What are the components that makeup blood?
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
What is the purpose and quantity of plasma in blood?
Plasma makes up 55% of blood. It transports water, nutrients, and waste
What is the purpose and quantity of red blood cells?
Red blood cells make up 45% of blood. They carry oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
What is the purpose and quantity of white Blood cells?
White Blood Cells make up 0.1% of blood. They are a defence against disease.
What does the pulse indicate?
a relationship between the heart rate and exercise
What do all organisms do?
reproduce
What are the two categories of reproduction?
sexual and asexual
What does sexual reproduction require?
sperm and ovum or pollen and ovule
What does asexual reproduction require?
one organism and no gametes
What does all sexual reproduction have in common
they use more energy and take longer to complete than asexual reproduction
Can plants and animals sexually reproduce
Plants and animals undergo sexual reproduction, although plants may also reproduce asexually
What are the types and examples of asexual reproduction?
vegetative propagation (tubers; potatoes, runners; strawberries, cuttings; roses, bulbs; onions and daffodils), budding in hydra, binary fission in bacteria (which is similar to mitosis in plants and animals), spores in fungi and parthenogenesis in bees and aphids
Can petals and sepals be of different genders
Petals and sepals are neither male nor female parts of flowers. They attract pollinators and protect the organs
How can pollen be transferred between flowers?
Pollen can be transferred between flowers by wind or pollinating insects such as bees
The function of the penis?
The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. In addition to its sexual function, the penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body
The purpose and different organs plant’s have
Flowers can have male and female organs. Many have both. The male parts are called stamen (made up of filament and anther) the female parts is called the pistil or carpel (made up of stigma, style, ovary, ovules)
The function of testes
The testes are responsible for making sperm and are also involved in producing a hormone called testosterone
The function of the sperm duct?
to allow the transit of sperm from the testicles to the outside of the body and to facilitate the maturation of the sperm cells themselves
The function of the prostate
The prostate gland is located just below the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of the tube that drains urine from the bladder urethra. The prostate’s primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm seminal fluid
The function of the Cowper’s gland
Cowper’s glands are pea-sized glands present inferior to the prostate gland in the male reproductive system. They produce thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation that drains into the spongy urethra
The function of the seminal vesicle
the function of the seminal vesicle is important for fertility
The function of the vas deferens
The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
The function of the scrotum
The bag of skin holds and helps to protect the testicles.
The function of a vagina
There are three main functions. Provides a passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus during a woman’s monthly period. Receives the penis during sexual intercourse and holds the sperm until they pass into the uterus. Provides a passageway for childbirth.
Map the flow of blood
From your superior vena cava, deoxygenated blood travels to your lungs to get oxygenated. Rich blood travels back from the lungs into the heart through the pulmonary vein entering from the left atrium. Rich blood is then pumped into your left ventricle from your bicuspid valve. Next, the oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the semilunar valve. Next, blood is finally distributed to the rest of the body from the aorta. The blood then becomes de-oxygenated and enters the inferior vena cava and the process begins again.
The function of the cervix
The cervix acts as the door to the uterus which sperm can travel through to fertilize eggs. When your body is not carrying a child, your cervix helps keep unhealthy things out of your body, like tampons and bathwater
The function of the uterus
The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth
The function of the fallopian tubes?
The fallopian tubes are bilateral conduits between the ovaries and the uterus in the female pelvis. They function as channels for oocyte transport and fertilization
The function of ovaries
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes. The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle
What happens during fertilization in plants?
Fertilization occurs when one of the sperm cells fuses with the egg inside of an ovule. After fertilization occurs, each ovule develops into a seed. Each seed contains a tiny, undeveloped plant called an embryo. The ovary surrounding the ovules develops into a fruit that contains one or more seeds.
Map the flow of blood as it moves through the body
The first step of the repeated circulatory system is when the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart up to the lungs. The blood becomes oxygenated as it passes through the lungs and then the rich blood travels back to the heart. The heart pumps the rich blood around the body, as it passes through the body the blood will become de-oxygenated as it drops of oxygen.
What happens during fertilization in animals?
Fertilization is the process in which a single haploid sperm fuses with a single haploid egg to form a zygote. The sperm and egg cells each possess specific features that make this process possible: The egg is the largest cell produced in most animals species.
Barriers to fertility
blockages and problems with production of healthy sperm and ova
How many options are there for couples IVF to have a baby?
There are two options
