Year 2-Impact of Long Term Health Conditions Flashcards
What is patient centred care?
Placing the patient at the centre of their care.
What are care systems built around?
Care systems are usually built around diseases rather than patients.
What are long term conditions?
Conditions for which there are no cure, and which are managed with drugs and other treatments
Conditions that last 1 year or more and require ongoing medical attention or limit activities of daily living or both
What type of conditions are long term conditions?
Heterogeneous group of conditions
What are long term conditions associated with?
Increasing age and increasing deprivation.
How much more likely are you to suffer from a LTC when living in a deprived vs affluent area?
Twice as likely to suffer a LTC if living in a deprived vs. affluent area.
What are examples of long term conditions?
Diabetes
Ischaemic heart disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What does incidence mean?
Number of new cases of a condition in a specified time period.
What does incidence allow you to do?
Helps us define risk of this conditions – what is the likelihood of being diagnosed.
What is prevalence?
Total number of people in a population with a condition either at a single point in time, or over a given time period.
What does prevalence allow you to do?
Helps us understand the burden of disease
What are the causes of long term conditions?
Complex & multifactorial
Genetic factors and environmental factors
What does vulnerability mean?
Capacity to resist disease, repair damage and restore normal physiological homeostasis. Varies between individuals and between body systems/organs.
what does vulnerability vary between?
aries between individuals and between body systems/organs.
What is are examples of Acute Onset Disease?
Stroke or Myocardial infarction, infection
What is the outcome of Acute Onset Disease?
May be treated and resolve, may leave residual symptoms/impairment of function.
What are examples of Gradual Onset disease?
Angina, COPD, psychotic disorders.
What is the outcome of Gradual Onset disease?
Persist over time and get worse (gradually or acutely).
What are examples of Relapsing and remitting disease?
Cancer, multiple sclerosis, depression & anxiety, alcohol abuse
What is the outcome of Relapsing and remitting disease?
Can increase in severity, or change slightly between presentation
What can long term conditions do to individuals affected?
They cause burden of symptoms to the individual affected and impact on their years lived in good health.
What is the aim of treatment of Long term conditions?
To improve morbidity and mortality.
What is a biographical distributional consequence of a long-term condition?
A significant and life changing diagnosis that alters life plans and direction
What does biographical distributional consequence cause?
Challenge to self-identity Re-negotiation of relationships Self - loss of identity or confidence Friends and family Work Wider society
What can a lack of understanding about a LTC cause?
A lack of understanding can cause labelling.
A worry about stigma may cause fear of disclosing illness.
What burdens a patient?
Symptoms of a disease burden patient
The treatments we prescribe for these diseases also burden a patient
What does the burden of treatment include?
Monitoring and self managing symptoms
Complex treatments/multiple medications, managing polypharmacy
Changing behaviour or helping to modify the behaviours of others (carers may have to do this)
Engaging with health and social care services
What can increase burden of treatment cause?
Can lead to reduction in quality of life, poor adherence and poor value care (waste).
What influences the ability to tolerate burden of treatment?
Personal attributes and skills Physical and cognitive abilities Support network Financial status Life workload Environment
What is living with a long-term condition/disability dependent on?
The nature of the long-term condition
The information base of the individual, i.e. education, intelligence and access to information
The personality of the individual
The coping strategies of the individual
The role of the individual – loss of role, change of role
The mood and emotional reaction of the individual
The reaction of others around them
What is the social model of health?
Our health is not only determined by our illness but by our own reactions and those of society.
What is illness viewed as?
Illness viewed as ‘deviant’ behaviour – deviating from normal societal expectation.
What are a Patients’ rights?
Temporary exemption from normal social roles
Not to be blamed for their illness and to be cared for until well
What are a Patients’ obligations?
To see illness as undesirable and to get well as quickly as possible.
To seek and co-operate with help, when required
What are the Doctors rights?
Status and reward due to functional importance of role and Position of authority in relation to the patient- the right to question and examine the patient
What are a Doctors obligations?
To be highly trained (skilled and knowledgeable) and
To be bound by rules of professional conduct
What is the sick role?
Exemption from normal socially expected duties and being cared for, without blame.
What is Disability?
An umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. It is the interaction between individuals with a health condition and personal and environmental factors.
What are the 2 models of disability?
Medical model
Social model
What is the medical model of disability?
Disability is a feature of the person, directly caused by the disease, trauma or other health condition. It calls for medical or other treatment or intervention to ‘correct’ the problem with the individual.
What is the social model of disability?
Disability is a socially created problem and not at all an attribute of an individual. Disability demands a political response, since the problem is created by attitudes and other features of the social environment.
What are Body Functions?
They are physiological functions of body systems
What are Body Structures?
They are anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs and their components.
What are Impairments?
Impairments are problems in body function or structure such as a significant deviation or loss.
What is activity?
Activity is the execution of a task or action by an individual.
What is participation?
Participation is involvement in a life situation.
What are activity limitations?
Activity Limitations are difficulties an individual may have in executing activities.
What are participation restrictions?
They are problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations.
What are Environmental Factors?
They make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives.
What does the Disability Discrimination Act do?
Prohibits discrimination against protected characteristics: Age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity.
What is screening?
The presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures which can be applied rapidly
When are men across Scotland invited to AAA screening?
In their 65th year
What form of screening is used to detect aneurysm?
Ultrasound used to detect aneurysm
What is the prevalence of AAA?
Estimated prevalence of 1 in 20 (5%)
What are some aspects of the screening criteria?
The objectives of screening should be defined at the outset.
There should be a defined target population.
The benefits of screening should outweigh harm
