Year 2 FoPC Flashcards
Why might a patient not attend their appointment after their GP has retired?
Had longstanding relationship with previous GP.
Trusted old GP
Worried about new relationship with GP.
Might have felt well.
May have developed symptoms that are worrying her and doesn’t want to come incase problem is found.
What is patient centred care?
Patient is at centre of decision making making regarding their health. Only they can decide what it means to them as in individual, in the treatment of their condition and living their life.
What are the 5 principles outline in the Declaration on Patient centred care by the International Alliance of Patients’ Organizations (IaPO)?
Respect. Choice and empowerment. Patient involvement in health policy. Access and support. Information.
What are some examples of Long term conditions?
Osteoarthritis
Diabetes Mellitus
COPD
Crohn’s etc
What are some statistics about the prevalence of Long term conditions?
50% of all GP appointments
64% of all outpatient appointments.
70% of all inpatient bed days.
Long term conditions are more prevalent in older people and more deprived groups.
Define Incidence
The number of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time.
Define Prevalence
The number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or a defined period of time.
Define Vulnerability
An individuals capacity to resist disease, repair damage and restore physiological homeostasis.
What are some features of the ‘Burden of treatment’?
Changing behaviour or policing the behaviour of others to adhere to lifestyle modifications.
Monitoring and managing their symptoms at home.
Complex treatment regimens and multiple drugs.
Complex admin systems, accessing, navigating and coping with uncoordinated health and social care systems.
What is Biological disruption?
Loss of confidence in social interaction or self-identity due to a long term condition causing a loss of confidence in the body.
What is the impact of Long Term conditions?
Individual - denial, self pity, apathy etc.
Family - financial, emotional, physical, may become ill as a result.
Community - isolation of an individual.
What is meant by the “expert patient”?
Patient understands their disease better than healthcare professional because it is long term and they live with it everyday.
What is the dictionary definition of Disability?
Lacking in one or more physical powers such as the ability to walk or coordinate ones movements.
What is the legal definition of Disability?
Difficulty can be physical, sensory or mental. Something that make sit difficult for them to carry put normal day to day activities, ongoing for >12months.
What is the WHO definition of disability?
Body and structure impairment - abnormalities of structure, organ or system function.
Activity limitation - changed functional performance and activity by the individual.
Participation restrictions- disadvantage experienced by the individual as a result of impairments and disabilities.
What is a Medical model of disability?
Individual or personal cause e.g accident whilst drunk.
Underlying pathology e.g morbid obesity.
Individual level intervention e.g health professionals advise individually.
Individual change/adjustments e.g change in behaviour.
What is a social model of disability?
Societal cause e.g low wages.
Conditions relating to housing.
Social/political action needed e.g facilities for disabled.
Societal attitude change e.g use of politically correct language.
What factors effect a persons reaction to disability?
Nature of disability Education Intelligence Access to info Personality Coping strategies of the individual. Loss or change of role of individual. Mood and emotional reaction. Reactions of others' around them. Support network. Resources available Time to adapt.
What are some causes of disability worldwide?
Congenital Injury Communicable disease Non-communicable disease Alcohol Drugs Mental illness Malnutrition Obesity
What is Wilson’s Criteria for screening?
Knowledge of disease:
Condition is important.
Recognisable latent or early symptomatic stage.
The natural course of the condition should be adequately understood.
Knowledge of test:
Suitable test or examination.
Test acceptable to population.
Case finding should be continuous.
Treatment for disease:
Accepted treatment for patients with recognisable disease.
Facilities for diagnosis and treatment available.
Agreed policy concerning whom to treat.
Cost considerations:
Costs of case finding economically balanced in relation to possible expenditures on medical care as a whole.
Define disease
Diagnosed condition that has symptoms and signs. Bio-medical perspective.
Define illness
The patient’s experience/perspective of the disease. Ideas, concerns, expectations.
What is an example of a disease without illness?
Hypertension
What are some factors that affect the uptake of care?
Peers Family Internet TV Booklets etc Lay referral - "granny knows best". New symptoms Visible symptoms Increasing severity/duration Peer pressure - "wife sent me" Beliefs Expectations Social class Psychological Environmental, Age etc.
What are the 3 main aims of Epidemiology?
Description - describe the amount and distribution of disease in human populations.
Explanation - elucidate the natural history and identify aetiological factors for disease using data from other sources e.g OT, biochemistry, genetics.
Disease Control - to provide basis on which preventive measure, public health practices and therapeutic strategies can be developed, implemented, monitored and evaluated for disease control.
What is the ratio used in epidemiology?
Events/Population at risk
At risk part is crucial as everyone in denominator must have possibility of entering numerator.
What is relative risk?
Measure of the strength of an association between a suspected risk factor and the disease being studied.
Incidence of disease in exposed group/incidence of disease in unexposed group.
What are some sources of Epidemiological data?
Mortality data Hospital activity stats Reproductive health stats Cancer stats Accident stats GP morbidity Health and household surveys. Social security stats Drug misuse databases Expenditure data from NHS.
What is Health Literacy about?
People having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to use health information, to be active partners in their care and to navigate health and social care systems.
What is a CHA2DS2-VASc?
clinical prediction rules for estimating the risk of stroke in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Determines whether treatment is required with anticoagulation or antiplatelets.
High score corresponds to a greater risk of stroke.
What is the aim of SIGN guidelines?
Help health and social care professionals and patients understand medical evidence and use it to make decisions about healthcare.
Reduce unwarranted variations in practice and make sure patients get the best care available, no matter where they live.
Improve healthcare across Scotland by focusing on patient-important outcomes.
What is a descriptive study?
Attempt to describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given population.
Does not provide definitive conclusions about causation but gives clues to possible risk factors.
Cheap, quick.
What is a Cross-sectional study?
Observations made at a single point in time. Conclusions are drawn about relationship between disease and other variables of interest in defined pop.
Quick
