Year 2 Everything Else Flashcards
Reduction of aldehydes or ketones
Initially with NABH4/ H20
Reduces
Where nucleophile is h-
Reduction of aldehyde and ketones to make HYDROXYNITRILE
Requires HCN which is made from NACN and H2so4
Where electrophoresis is CN -
Remember cabroylic acids react with metals etc
Metals
Metal oxide
Metal hydroxide
Metal carbonate
How to make ester
Carbox and alcohol
Heated with sulfruic acid catalyst
Alcohol carbox naming
How to hydrolysis of ester two ways and what are products
Acid = use water and acid catalyst
Gibes both acid and alcohol back
Alkaline = use hydroxide ions
Gives Alchol and carboxylate ion
How to make acyl chloride
React thionyl chloride with cabroxykic acid gives acyl chloride
Reactions of acyl chlorides (5)!
Acting as an acid
- with alchol = ester
- phenol = ester (more reactive )
- water = cabrixykic acid
- ammonia = primary amides
- primary amine = secondary amides
Acid anhydride
Reacts same way with alcohols, phenols, water, ammonia and amine
Less reactive
So cabroylic acid, acyl chlroide and acid anhydride all react same how and differnt how
Acyl chlroide reavts with alchol but also phenol too, and water to form carbox again , amine , ammonia
Same with acid anhydride
How to make amines
React halolaken with ammonia to get salt
Salt with na oh to give amine
Amino acid reactions
React with acids to form protonated product
React with alkali to form salt and water
Can become ester
Remember acyl chrlodie becomes amides how
With ammonia
And amines
Hydrolysis of amides and ester
Ester gives back ethanol and aicd
Amide gives back acid and amine group
How to hydroxide polyesters and polyamides
- alkaline again is NAOH which gives salt and alcohol/ amine )
- acid is Water and acid catalyst gives back both products just like before
How to make nitriles
Nuelciohilc substitute of CN with haloalkane
