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Clinical Immunology > Year 2 > Flashcards

Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

Collective name for white blood cells

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2
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

Protein messengers that leukocytes use to communicate

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3
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A molecule to which the immune system can respond

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4
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The specific “bit” of the antigen which the immune system recognises

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5
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

Sentinel cell found in all tissues to protect against bacteria and fungi

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6
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

Blood cell that rapidly responds to infection

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7
Q

What is a B cell?

A

Lymphocyte which produces antibody to kill extracellular pathogens

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8
Q

What is CD4 T cell?

A

Helper lymphocyte which helps B cells produce antibody

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9
Q

What is CD8 T cell?

A

Cytotoxic lymphocyte which helps kill virus infected cells

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10
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

Sentinel cell found in epithelial tissues to protect against parasites

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11
Q

What are some biological therapeutics?

A
  • Virus
  • Therapeutic serum
  • Toxin
  • Antitoxin
  • Vaccine
  • Blood
  • Blood component/derivative
  • Allergenic product
  • Analogous product
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12
Q

What are some example products of biological therapeutics?

A
  • Blood derivatives
  • Whole blood
  • Blood components
  • Selected devices
  • Human tissues
  • Vaccines (preventative and therapeutic)
  • Allergenic extracts
  • Somatic cell and gene therapies
  • Xenotransplantation products
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13
Q

What are the potential benefits of cellular therapy?

A
  • Potential for much greater potency
  • Applicable to a wide range of very difficult to treat diseases
  • Potential for fewer adverse effects than conventional therapies
  • More targeted
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14
Q

What are the potential risks of cellular therapy?

A
  • Tumorigenicity
  • Cellular contaminants
  • Adventitious agents
  • Safety of reagents
  • Sterility
  • Product stability
  • Product variability
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15
Q

What are the potential benefits of blood product therapy?

A

Effective in controlling bleeding episodes that are life threatening

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16
Q

What are the potential risks of blood product therapy?

A
  • Infections due to adventitious agents
  • Development of neutralizing antibodies due to modifications in the molecule
  • Allergic reactions to impurities
17
Q

What treatment can be used against an infectious disease or anti-tumour responses to manipulate the immune response?

A
  • Vaccine
  • Immunotherapy
  • Antibodies
18
Q

What treatment can be used against an allergy or autoimmunity to manipulate the immune response?

A
  • Antibodies

* Desensitisation

19
Q

Why do tumour cells express less class I MHC molecules?

A
  • Consequence of downregulation by virus

* Consequence of “natural selection”

20
Q

What strategies are there to enhance anti-tumour immunity?

A
  • Enhancing macrophage activity

* Cytokine therapy

21
Q

What adjuvants are used in enhancing macrophage activity?

A
  • Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)

* Corynebacterium parvuum

22
Q

How are the adjuvants used to enhance macrophage activity given to the patient?

A

It is injected into a local area or mixed with killed excised tumour cells before re-injection

23
Q

What cytokines are used in cytokine therapy?

A
  • Interferon- (α, β and γ)
  • Interleukins 2,4, 6 and 12
  • Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
  • Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
24
Q

What does interleukine-2 do to enhance anti-tumour immunity?

A

Activates T cell and NK cells

25
Q

What is Rituximab (Rituxan)?

A
  • A monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 in Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (cancer)
  • It is used in autoimmunity and transplantation
26
Q

Where is CD20 found?

A

In cancer it is found on cancerous B cells which are destroyed wither by antibody mediated cellular cytotoxicity or complement dependent cytotoxicity

27
Q

What is Transtuzumab (Herceptin)?

A

• A monoclonal antibody used to target HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) which is expressed at high levels in some breast cancers

28
Q

How does Transtuzumab (Herceptin) act?

A
  • Acts by inhibition of HER-2 mediated tumour cell proliferation and migration
  • It is only active on cells that over express HER-2 (approx. 25% of breast cancer patients)

Clinical Immunology (3 decks)

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