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Y2 RESS > Year 2 > Flashcards

Year 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations

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2
Q

What are types of determinants

A 
Chemical
Biological
Physical 
Behavioural 
Social
Culture
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3
Q

What is the scientific method

A

Observations -> propose a hypothesis -> test the hypothesis -> reject the hypothesis -> modify the hypothesis -> test the hypothesis -> not reject -> test the hypothesis until you can reject it -> modify the hypothesis

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4
Q

What is the meaning of aetiology

A

The study of the cause or causes of a disease

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5
Q

What is evidence based medicine

A

The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

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6
Q

What are the four types of evidence

A

Description
Prediction
Casual inference
Qualitative

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7
Q

What is a population

A

The total inhabitants of a given area

The universe from which a sample is drawn

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8
Q

What is a population based study

A

When the study population = a total population of a country or area

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9
Q

What is a cross-sectional study

A

A study of a group of people at a single point in time

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10
Q

What is a cohort study

A

A study that examines groups of people over time

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11
Q

What is a health outcome

A 
The impact healthcare activities have on people:
course of symptoms
whether they live or die
ability to do what they want to do
the cost of care
satisfaction with treatment
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12
Q

What are types of health outcomes

A

Record based:
mortality
disease incidence

Biological/clinical:
lab results
BMI
blood pressure

Clinician/ patient reported:
symptom scores
health related quality of life

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13
Q

What are common issues in a study

A 
Selection bias
Timing of assessments
Missing data
Response shift
Differential item functioning such as language, culture, country, age, gender, treatment
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14
Q

What is a health related state

A 
An outcome 
EG:
Disease
Death
Use of health services
Behaviour
Reaction to treatment
Accident
Battlefield wounds
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15
Q

What is the distribution

A

Frequency, how many

  • count
  • rate
  • risk
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16
Q

What is evidence based medicine

A

Integration of individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence and patient values and expectations

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17
Q

What is a census

A

The sample is the total population

18
Q

What is a population based study

A

study population is equal to a total population of a country or area

19
Q

What is a case series

A

Describes a sample of cases with the same disease

Allows for description of natural history and prediction of prognosis

20
Q

What is a disease register

A

counts and collects information on people diagnosed with a particular disease
Commonly population based so you can estimate the disease occurrence per population

21
Q

What is a cross sectional study

A

A study of a group of people at a single point in time

22
Q

What is a cohort study

A

Examines groups of people over time

23
Q

What is an ecological study

A

Examines variations between geographical areas

Units of analysis are not individual people but areas

24
Q

What is inter-rater reliability

A

Do different assessors give the same result

25
Q

What is test-retest reliability

A

Are measurements consistent over time, if nothing has changed

26
Q

What are the data properties

A

Continuous
Discrete
Nominal
Ordinal

27
Q

What is selection bias

A

Patients are selected in clinical trials to give an overrepresentation of ‘good’ patients so not representative of the population

28
Q

How can risk be measured

A

Relative risk
Risk difference
Odds ratio

29
Q

How do you calculate relative risk

A

Risk in exposed group divided by risk in unexposed group

RR= (a/(a+b))/ (c/(c+d))

30
Q

What are odds

A

The probability of an event occurring divided by the probability of the event not occurring

31
Q

How do you calculate the odds ratio

A

Odds in exposed group/ odds in unexposed group

OR= (a/b)/ (c/d)

32
Q

What is the 95% Confidence interval used for

A

To estimate the precision of OR, RR
Large CI= lower precision of OR, RR
Small CI= greater precision of OR, RR

33
Q

What does it mean of the CI crosses 1

A

There is no statistical significance to your findings

34
Q

How is risk difference calculated

A

Risk in exposed group - Risk in unexposed group

35
Q

What is the number needed to treat

A

The number of people who need to receive treatment in order to achieve the required outcome in one of them
NNT = 1/risk difference

36
Q

What are the four key concepts in economics, used in health economics

A

Opportunity cost
Efficiency
Marginal analysis
Equity

37
Q

What is opportunity cost

A

Choosing A over B means giving up B which implies the value of the benefits from A is greater than from B

The value of forgone benefit which could be obtained from a resource in its next best alternative use

38
Q

What is efficiency in economics

A

maximising the benefit for the resources used

39
Q

What is allocative efficiency

A

Concerned with wether to allocate resources to a programme or whether to allocate more or less resources to it

40
Q

What is technical efficiency

A

Concerned with how best to deliver a programme or achieve a given objective

41
Q

What is marginal analysis

A

Involves comparing the benefit from that next step (marginal benefit) with the cost of taking the next step (marginal cost)

42
Q

What is equity

A

Concerned with the fairness or justice of the distributions of costs and benefits to different people and sectors

Y2 RESS (1 decks)

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