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Bio processes and keyterms > Year 13 Mrs Winters Key Terms > Flashcards

Year 13 Mrs Winters Key Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments in proteins which bind with myosin in muscle contraction

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2
Q

Actinomyosin bridge

A

Formation when myosin head binds to actin

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3
Q

Action potential

A

When an axon membrane is depolarised and stretch mediated sodium ion channels open diffusing sodium ions across the membrane

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4
Q

All or nothing principle

A

Threshold intensity generates an action potential. Action potential always the same size. Strong stimuli creates more frequent action potentials.

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5
Q

Antagonistic

A

Opposed

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6
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Mass of conducting cells in atrioventricular junction of heart
Responsible for passing waves of electical activity onto bundle of his during heart beat

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7
Q

Bundle of his

A

Group of muscle fibres responsible for conduction the waves of electrical activity between ventricles and bottom of heart

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor carbon dioxide in blood located in aorta and carotid arteries. Allow body to know if heart rate needs to increase or decrease.

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9
Q

Cholinergic synapse.

A

A junction between two neurones which uses acetylcholine as it’s neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Cones

A

Receptors which give colour vision. They absorb high light intensity, bright light. They have low sensitivity so if not enough light they will not work. They give high acuity

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11
Q

Acuity

A

Resolution

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12
Q

Depolarisation

A

Process which must happen to produce an action potential. Where the axon charge is more positive on inside than outside

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13
Q

Fast muscle fibres

A

Used for short bursts of activity. Quick to fatigue. Fast contraction causing more force. Fewer blood vessels and mitochondria. Low conc of myoglobin. High conc of glycolysis enzymes and atp hydrolyse

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14
Q

Generator potential

A

A local change in resting potential from a stimulus which may result in an action potential occurring

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15
Q

Moron neurone

A

Transfers electrical impulse from relay neurone to effector

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16
Q

Myelinated neurone.

A

Axons which have myelin on around membrane. Allowing for Saltatory conduction- jumping from node of ranveir

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17
Q

Myofibril

A

Tightly packed proteins bundled together in muscle

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18
Q

Myosin

A

A quaternary protein that has a coiled structure of two proteins intertwined on tail and then a head with a short and long chain

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19
Q

Myoglobin

A

Stores oxygen in muscle

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20
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Junction between a motor neurone and an effector muscle

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21
Q

Non myelinated neorun

A

Neurone with no myelin around it’s membrane preventing impulse from jumping between each node of ranvier. Causes impulse speed to be much slower

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22
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

A mechanoreceptor which responds to pressure causing a distortion in membrane of naked axon causing sodium ions to diffuse through stretch mediated sodium ion channels. Creating an action potential

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23
Q

Phosphcreatin

A

Molecule used to phosphrilate ADP to ATP in muscle contraction

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24
Q

Purkyne tissue

A

Carries wave of electrical activity from bundle of his to muscular walls in ventricles causing them to contract allowing heat beat

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25
Q

Receptor

A

Chemical structures which respond to stimulus

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26
Q

Refractory period

A

Time delay between the conduction of one action potential and the next. Ensures no overlapping of impulses and that no impulse can travel backwards.

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27
Q

Rods

A

Receptors which give black and white vision. Work in low light intensities. Have high sensitivity meaning don’t need much energy to form and image. Results in low acuity

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28
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Occurs in myelinated neurones. Allowing impulse to jump to the next node of ranvier Enabling impulse to travel more rapidly.

29
Q

Slow muscle fibres

A

Used for endurance. Slow to fatigue and have slow contractions so produce less force. More blood vessels needed to supply oxygen. Lots of mitochondria and myoglobin. Lower conc of glycolysis enzymes and atp hydrolyase

30
Q

Sino atrial node

A

Small mass of tissue in right atrium similar to a pacemaker and sets the rhythm of the heart by transferring waves of electrical activity to AVN.

31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Released onto the SAN to decrease heart rate. Also the neurotransmitter that crosses synapse to transfer an impulse. Broken down into acytlie and choline

32
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Chemical released onto SAN to increase heart rate

33
Q

Iodopsin

A

Photo receptive pigment which is broken down in cone cells

34
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Photo receptive pigment which is broken down in rod cells

35
Q

Spatial summation

A

Sum of lots of synapses firing at the same time

36
Q

Stretch-mediated sodium ion channels

A

Protein channels that stretch when pressure is exerted and change permeability of sodium ions. Found in pacinnian corpuscle

37
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between pre synaptic knob and pro synaptic knob

38
Q

Tropomyosim

A

A protein of muscle which cover myosin binding sites on actin regulating interaction in muscle contraction

39
Q

Troponin

A

Where calcium ions bind on muscle protein causing tropomyosin to change shape and reveal actin binding sites

40
Q

Cell elongation

A

Result of having enough water and sunlight for plants

41
Q

Choice chamber

A

A container whit different compartments, in which you can create different environmental conditions

42
Q

Tactic response (taxis)

A

A directional movement in response to a stimulus. The direction of the stimulus affects the response.

43
Q

Kinesis response

A

Non directional movement in response to a stimulus. The intensity of stimulus affects response

44
Q

Example of taxis and kinesis response

A

Taxis- woodlice shows tactic response to light as they move away from light source to keep them concealed from predators
Kinesis- woodlice show to humidity. In high humidity they move slower and turn less often as to stay where they are as to prevent water loss

45
Q

Gravitropism

A

Growth of plant in response to gravity

46
Q

Indoeaceitc acid

A

Important auxin that’s produced in tips of shoots and roots in plants. Moved around the plant to control tropisms. Causes plant to grow in that area

47
Q

Phototropism

A

Growth of a plant in response to light

48
Q

Photropism in shoots

A

Grows towards light -positively phototropism

49
Q

Phototropism in roots

A

Grows away from light - negatively phototropism

50
Q

Grvitopism in shoots

A

Negatively gravotropic so grow away from gravity

51
Q

Gravitropism in roots

A

Positively gravitropism so grow s downwards

52
Q

Acetate

A

Formed when pyruvate is oxidised in link reaction. Binds with co enzyme A to form acetyl coA

53
Q

ATP synthase

A

Enzyme embedded in inner mitochondria membrane which synthesises ADP and Pi into ATP

54
Q

Electron chain transfer

A

The movement of electrons across carrier proteins and H+ ions diffusing into inter membrane space

55
Q

Chemiosmotic theory

A

Process of ATP production driven by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane

56
Q

FAD

A

Molecule which is reduced to form FADH. Requires less energy to reduce than NAD

57
Q

Glucose phosphate

A

Molecule formed in first stage of glycolysis after glucose has been phosphorylated creating that and one ADP

58
Q

Glycolysis

A

First stage in respiration which take glucose and forms 2 molecules of pyruvate and a net gain of 2 ATP

59
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Produces coenzyme a, acetate, 2x CO2, 1 ATP, 3x NAD, 1 FAD

60
Q

Mitochondria

A

Has folded inner membrane called cristae, which provides large surface are for max respiration.

61
Q

NAD

A

Molecule which is reduced to form NADH which is used in oxidative phosphorylation

62
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Metabolic process of adding an inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

63
Q

Protons

A

H+ ions

64
Q

Pyruvate

A

A 3 carbon molecule formed by oxidation of triose phosphate in glycolysis

65
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate

66
Q

Triose phosphate

A

Molecule formed when glucose phosphate is phosphorylated again in glycolysis

67
Q

Alcoholic fermentation in plants

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated and NADH is reduced to NAD to form ethanol

68
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

Pyruvate reduced by oxidation of NADH to form lactate

69
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Where pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate in respiration without oxygen

Bio processes and keyterms (7 decks)

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