Year 13 approaches

Question 1

what are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 1

Unconscious forces in our mind determine out thoughts feeling and behaviour

Our behaviour as adults is strongly influenced by our childhood experiences

Abnormal behaviour is a result of mental conflict

The mind can be divided into 3 levels of consciousness: the superego, ego and Id

Question 2

what are the 3 levels of consciousness

Answer 2

The Id
The Ego
The superego

Question 3

outline the Id

Answer 3

The instinct part of the personality and we are born with it and it is our source of of our unconscious desires and impulses

It requires instant gratification of its needs including: hunger, thirst and sex and it is said to operate on the pleasure principle

Question 4

outline the Ego

Answer 4

Represents are conscious mind and it develops around the age of 2-3 years

Its purpose is to balance the Id and helps the child realise the Id demands cannot always be met

Ego is logical , rational and seeks to satisfy the Id in socially acceptable ways

Operates on the reality principle

Question 5

outline the Superego

Answer 5

Formed around the ages of 5-6 years and contains our moral values so therefore operates on the morality principle

The superego is out internalised same sex parent

The superego ensures that the ego satisfies the Id when it morally appropriate

Consists of 2 things:

• The conscience tells us what we shouldn’t do
• Ego ideal tells us what we should do

Question 6

what are the three defence mechanisms

Answer 6

1. repression
2. denial
3. displacement

Question 7

what is repression

Answer 7

blocking unacceptable thoughts and impulses

Question 8

what is denial

Answer 8

refusal to accept reality so as to avoid having to deal with any painful feelings that might be associated with the event, acting like the traumatic event didnt happen

Question 9

what is displacement

Answer 9

redirecting of thoughts or feelings in situation where the person feels unable to express them in the presence of the person they should be directed towards

Question 10

what are the stages of development in order

Answer 10

1. oral 0-1 year
2. anal 1-3 year
3. phallic 3-6 year
4. latency 6- puberty
5. genital puberty-maturity

Question 11

what happens in the oral phase

Answer 11

the mouth is the focus of sensation and pleasurable experiences. This is thought to be because babies have more verve endings in this area

Question 12

what happened in the anal stage

Answer 12

organ pleasure is now the anus and the child derives pleasure from retention or expulsion and in this stage the Ego stage develops

Question 13

what happens in the phallic stage

Answer 13

the organ of pleasure is now the genitals as the child becomes fully aware of the gender differences. This is where the Oedipus complex occurs and electra complex

Question 14

what is the oedipus complex

Answer 14

Freud suggested that children in the phallic stage start to have sexual desires for their parent of the opposite sex and this makes the resentful of the same sex parent as they seem like a competitor

Question 15

what is the electra complex

Answer 15

this states that the girls believe their mother has already castrated them and they turn to their fathers for love in the hope of regaining their penis and this is called penis envy

Question 16

what happens in the latency period

Answer 16

the sexual desires remain dormant and children want nothing to do with the opposite sex as social and intellectual development occurs

Question 17

what happens in the genital stage

Answer 17

the beginning of mature adult sexuality and the calm of latency is disrupted by the Id in the form of heterosexual desires

Question 18

what are some of the personality traits associated with oral stage

Answer 18

dependent, trusting, excessive interest in drinking, eating, smoking, biting nails

Question 19

what are some of the personality traits associated with anal stage

Answer 19

anally retentive- clean, organised and cruel

anally expulsive- are untidy, generous and impulsive

Question 20

what are some of the personality traits associated with the phallic stage

Answer 20

vain, reckless, self centres, ambitious

Question 21

evaluation of the psychodynamic approach

Answer 21

+ explanatory power as it has been used to explain a wide range phenomena such as personality development, abnormal behaviour, moral development and gender

+ practical applications as Freuds approach led to psychoanalysis which is still used today

• Freuds theory is based on case studies e.g. little hanz
• Based on untestable concepts

Question 22

what is Maslows heirachy of needs

Answer 22

1. physiological needs
2. safety needs
3. love and belonging
4. esteem
5. self actualisation

Question 23

what is congruence and incongruence

Answer 23

Rogers argues that we have our own self concept and an ideal self and we are said to be in a state of congruence when we find a similarity between them and a state of incongruence when there is a big difference

Question 24

outline conditions of worth in the humanistic approach

Answer 24

Focuses on conditions of self worth as sometimes you have unconditional positive regard and this helps peoples self actualisation and you can have conditional positive regard and this hinders peoples self actualisation

Question 25

what influence on counselling does humanism have

Answer 25

Rogers claimed that an individuals psychological problems were a direct result of their conditions of self worth and conditional positive regard

Therapy aims to get the patient to the closest of their true self they can be by making them a full functioning person

Question 26

evaluate the humanistic approach

Answer 26

+ research support for conditions of self worth as Harter et al discovered that teens who feel that they have to fulfill certain conditions in order to gain aprents approval frequently end uo not liking themselves

+practical applications through therapy by using client centred approaches
- non scientific as the evidence used to support the approach fails to establish a casual relationships between variables

-Cultural variations

• opposing approaches