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history - Tsarist and Communist Russia > year 12 knowledge test 1 > Flashcards

year 12 knowledge test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What years did Alexander rule Russia?

A

1855-1881

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2
Q

What was the period of reform?

A

Alexander II passed a series of reforms in order to try and help Russia catch up with the west.

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3
Q

When was the period of reform?

A

1861-1866

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4
Q

What was the period of reaction?

A

Alexander II withdrew/tightened some of his reforms and became stricter over fears of assassination and opposition

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5
Q

when was the period of reaction?

A

1866-1881

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6
Q

when were the serfs emancipated?

A

1861

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7
Q

Why did alexander was to emancipate the serfs?

A
  • He believed that they should remove it from above rather than wait for it to be removed from below in the form of a revolution
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8
Q

Name a reformist member of alexanders family

A

Grand duke constantine

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9
Q

What were a) redemption payments b) obrok c) volosts d) the mir ?

A

a) redemption payments were payments from the serfs to their previous landowners acting as compensation for the emancipation
b) a yearly tax payed by russian peasants engaged in trade
c) an administrative unit of rural self government
d) the mir were older peasants who were in charge of allocating land and overseeing redemption payments

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10
Q

Give two positives of the emancipation and two negatives for the peasants

A

Positive - they could get married and own land, they were no longer tied to their commune.
Negative - they were not fully free until all redemption payments were payed off, conditions in the city were poor

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11
Q

Give two positives and negatives of the emancipation for the landowners

A

Positive - they recieved redemption payments from the serfs from the serfs, they could use this money to invest in industry
Negative - they didn’t have people who had to work on their land, they feared rebellion from the sers because of their treatment.

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12
Q

Name 2 changes Milyutin made to the army

A
  • reduced the years of service
  • military colleges were set up to better train officers
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13
Q

what was the zemstva?

A

A form of local council

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14
Q

WHat could the zemstva do the period of reform?

A

They could make changes to education

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15
Q

WHat restrictions were placed on the zemstva during the period of reaction?

A

No say in education, control taken away

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16
Q

Who was appointed minister for education in 1862?

A

Golvonin

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17
Q

Give two positive changes in education

A

Women could go to university, more children were educated in primary school

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18
Q

Why did Alexander turn reactionary?

A

He feared revolution and there were many assassination attempts

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19
Q

WHo became the new Minister of Education, Minister of Justice and Head of the Secret Police?

A

Tolstoy, Pahlen, Shuvalov

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20
Q

WHat changed in schools and law courts?

A
  • Subjects that encouraged thinking were banned, courts were no longer open to the public
  • Courts were no longer open to the public
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21
Q

What was the Loris Melikov constitution?

A

produced a report, in response to zemstva demands, it recommended the inclusion of elected representatives of the nobility, of the zemstva and of town governments in debating drafts of some state decrees

22
Q

in what year did the polish rebellion break out?

A

1863

23
Q

How did Alexander control the minorities?

A

alexanders ministers introduced stricter controls for example prohibition of Ukranian language in publications or performances

24
Q

Name 3 national minority groups

A

Jews, Finns, Poles

25
Q

What was the difference between a slavophile and a westerner?

A

Slavophiles - wanted to modernise russia but wanted to keep the church and autocracy as traditional russia
Westernisers- wanted to modernise russia by adopting western techniques of industry and agriculture

26
Q

What is the overall term for their type of opposition?

A

Liberals

27
Q

Where did populism come from?

A

Grew out of the Russian intelligentsia, dedicated to creating a fairer and more equal russia

28
Q

Which two groups did Land and Liberty split into?

A

The black partition and the peoples will

29
Q

WHen did Alexander III rule Russia?

A

1881 - 1894

30
Q

WHo was Alexander III’s tutor and reactionart russia?

A

Pobedonostev

31
Q

What were ‘agent provocateurs’?

A

instructed to stir up anti-government unrest, to flush out individuals with radical political beliefs.

32
Q

What was the name of the secret police?

A

Okhrana

33
Q

What was the 1882 statute on police surveillance?

A

area of empire could be deemed an area of subversion and police agents could search and arrest, detain, question or exile not only those who had committed a crime but anyone who knew or were related to them

34
Q

What was the zemstva act?

A

decreased the independence of the local councils so they became open to direct interference from central government

35
Q

How did Alexander III take control of education

A
  • overseen by delyanov
  • appointments of chancellors, deans and professors subject to the approval of the education ministry based on ‘religious, moral and patriotic orientation’ rather than academic grounds
  • universities closed to women and abolished separate university courts
  • children from the lowest classes were restricted to primary education and primary schools were placed under the church.
  • the university statute brought the universities under close government supervision
36
Q

what was russification?

A

The treatment of minorities, the attempt to maintain the russian identity

37
Q

how was russification enforced in poland?

A

Forced to join the orthodox church

38
Q

how did russification strengthen autocracy

A

Made people easier to control, stopped uprisings

39
Q

what is anti semitiism

A

The discrimination of jews

40
Q

what was the pale of settlement

A

An area in russia where the jewish population was held

41
Q

what was a pogrom

A

A pogrom was an attack on the jews

42
Q

what were the Black Hundereds?

A

an ultra-conservative group notorious for carrying out pogroms

43
Q

which laws were introduced to control the jews

A

May laws

44
Q

Name the 2 finance ministers in charge of the economy

A

witte and vyshnegradsky

45
Q

Why did the first minister get sacked?

A

the famine

46
Q

Give 2 ways that the second minister tried to improve the economy

A

Focussed on heavy industry, got loans from the west

47
Q

Give 2 criticisms of the second ministers policies

A

Agriculture was neglected completely, living conditions didn’t improve for peasants

48
Q

What was a land captain?

A

reastablished some of the power that the landed nobility had over the peasants

49
Q

What was the peasants land bank?

A

created to help peasants purchase their own land

50
Q

Name the three opposition groups against Alexander III?

A

Populists, liberals and marxists

history - Tsarist and Communist Russia (1 decks)

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