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A Level Product Design > Year 12 content > Flashcards

Year 12 content Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main material categories?

A
  • Mechanical properities are linked with how a material reacts to an external force.
  • Physical properties and linked with the actual make-up or structure of the material.
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2
Q

Some mechanical properties…

A

Hardness - The ability for a material to resist abrasive wear
Toughness - The ability for a material to absorb impact force without fracture.
Ductility - The ability for a material to be drawn into thin wires without cracking.
Malleability - The ability for a material to be drawn into thin sheets without cracking.

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3
Q

Some physical properties of materials…

A
  • Electrical, thermal and optical properties.
  • e.g. electrical conductivity, thermal insulator, opaque, translucent etc.
  • Conductor and insulator.
  • Density, fusibility, magnetism, corosion etc.
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4
Q

Some ferrous metals and its uses/properties…

A

Low carbon steel:
-> Ductile + high tensile strength|however, can easily corrode.
-> Uses include car bodies, nuts and bolts.
Medium carbon steel:
-> Tough and hard + malleable|however, less ductile than low carbon steel.
-> Uses include springs + gardening tools.
Cast iron:
-> Hard + good compressive strength|however, brittle
-> Uses include disc brakes + engine blocks.

(Ferrous metals contain iron, and are magnetic and they rust).

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5
Q

Some non-ferrous metals…

A
  • Aluminium
  • Copper
  • Zinc
  • Gold
  • Titanium

(These metals do not rust, do not contain iron and are not magnetic.

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6
Q

Some ferrous and non-ferrous alloys…

(An alloy contains two or more metals)

A

Ferrous alloys: stainless steel, die steel (tool steel)
Non-ferrous alloys: Bronze, brass, pewter etc

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7
Q

Why aluminum is good for a drink can…

(Properties)

A
  • Its malleable, making it easily deep drawn
  • It’s lightweight
  • Food safe material + non-ferrous meaning it won’t rust
  • Easy to recycle
  • Good aesthetics
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8
Q

Some hardwoods and softwoods…

A

(Hardwood trees derive from decioduous trees which lose their leaves in autumn).
- Oak, ash, mahogany, teak, beech etc.

(Softwood trees derive from coniferous trees which lose their leaves all year round).

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9
Q

Some softwoods and their properties/uses…

(Coniferous trees shed their leaves all year round apart from winter).

A

Pine:
-> Straight grain (may prevent splinters)
-> Uses entail construction work, timber frame construction etc.
Spruce:
-> Straight grain (splinter resistant).
-> Uses entail indoor furniture.
Douglas fir:
-> Somewhat straight grain + corrosion resistant.
-> Uses entail veneers + construction work.
Larch:
-> Hard and tough + attractive grain (fades to silver outdoors)
-> Uses entail garden furniture, decking + fencing.
Cedar:
-> Straight grain (making it splinter resistant) + Insect resistant|However, can corrode ferrous metals + low density
-> Uses entail sheds, greenhouses and interior panelling.

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10
Q

What are the two main material categories?

A
  • Mechanical properities are linked with how a material reacts to an external force.
  • Physical properties and linked with the actual make-up or structure of the material.
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11
Q

Some mechanical properties…

A

Hardness - The ability for a material to resist abrasive wear
Toughness - The ability for a material to absorb impact force without fracture.
Ductility - The ability for a material to be drawn into thin wires without cracking.
Malleability - The ability for a material to be drawn into thin sheets without cracking.

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12
Q

Some physical properties of materials…

A
  • Electrical, thermal and optical properties.
  • e.g. electrical conductivity, thermal insulator, opaque, translucent etc.
  • Conductor and insulator.
  • Density, fusibility, magnetism, corosion etc.
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13
Q

Some ferrous metals and its uses/properties…

A

Low carbon steel:
-> Ductile + high tensile strength|however, can easily corrode.
-> Uses include car bodies, nuts and bolts.
Medium carbon steel:
-> Tough and hard + malleable|however, less ductile than low carbon steel.
-> Uses include springs + gardening tools.
Cast iron:
-> Hard + good compressive strength|however, brittle
-> Uses include disc brakes + engine blocks.

(Ferrous metals contain iron, and are magnetic and they rust).

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14
Q

Some non-ferrous metals and its uses/properties…

A

Aluminium:
-> Can be MIG and TIG welded + ductile and malleable + electrical and thermal conductivity + corrosion resistant and can be deep drawn easily. + lightweight (easily recyclable).
-> Uses involve drink cans, aircraft bodies, bike frames + window frames.
Copper:
-> Can be soldered and brazed + ductile and malleable + electrical and thermal conductivity + tough and corrossion resistant
-> Uses entail electrical wires and circuits, water tanks + central heating pipes and water pipes
Zinc:
-> Low melting point + good corrosion resistance.
-> Uses entail galvanising (for a protective layer)< intricate die castings etc.
Gold:
-> Ductile + malleable + may have electrical conductivity.
-> Uses entail jewellery, electronic components + switch components.
Titanium:
-> Hard + lightweight + good strength and corrosion resistance
-> Uses entail aircraft, cycles, surgical uses, golf clubs etc.

(These metals do not rust, do not contain iron and are not magnetic.

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15
Q

Some ferrous alloys with its uses/properties…

(An alloy contains two or more metals with iron)

A

Stainless steel (contains iron, chrome and nickel):
-> Tough and hard + Corrosion resistant
-> Uses entail cutlery + kitchenware.
High speed steel (HSS) and contains (iron, carbon, chromium and more):
-> Tough and hard + heat and frictional resistance.
-> Uses entail tool blades, drill bits etc
Die steel:
-> Hard and tough.
-> Uses entail fine press tools, extruder dies etc.

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16
Q

Why aluminum is good for a drink can…

(Properties)

A
  • Its malleable, making it easily deep drawn
  • It’s lightweight
  • Food safe material + non-ferrous meaning it won’t rust
  • Easy to recycle
  • Good aesthetics
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17
Q

Some hardwoods and their properties/uses…

.

A

(Hardwood trees derive from deciduous trees which lose their leaves in autumn).
Oak:
-> Tough and hard + good aesthetics and weather resistance|However, its tannic acid will corrode steel screws/fixings.
-> Uses entail furniture, flooring, interior/exterior joinery.
Ash:
-> Tough + good aesthetics (attractive open grain pattern makes it more flexible).
-> Uses entail tool handles, ladders and sports equipment.
Mahogany:
-> Very good aesthetics (rich, dark red colour)|however, interlocking grain may make working with it diifficult.
-> Uses entail indoor furniture and shop fittings.
Teak:
-> Hard and tough + straight grain + Moisture and oil resistance.
-> Uses entail outdoor furniture + boat decks.
Beech:
-> Hard and tough + avalable in special colours + close grain (may make splinters less likely)
-> Uses entail chairs, chopping boards and tools.

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18
Q

Some non-ferrous alloys and their uses/properties…

(A mixture of metals which do not contain iron)

A

Bronze (can be an alloy with mix of copper and tin):
-> Tough + corrosion resistant and can be cast.
-> Uses entail coins and statues.
Brass (copper and zinc):
-> Electrical + thermal conductivity + corrosion resistant and can be cast.
-> Boat fittings, door furniture and ornaments.

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19
Q

Manufactured boards’ uses/properties…

A

Plywood:
-> Good strength in all directions (thin wood layers glue at 90 degrees to eachother)
-> Uses entail desktops, indoor furniture + floorboards.
Marine plywood:
-> Moisture resistant + Fungal attack resistant
-> Uses entail boat dashboards + panelling.
Aeroply:
-> Available in thin sheets + lightweight and easy to bend.
-> Uses entail gliders, jewellery etc.
Flexible plywood:
-> Flexible sheets + Solid shape achieved via bending and gluing around a former.
Chipboard:
-> Compressed wood chips via UF.
-> Uses entail kitchen worktops + flat-pack furniture.
MDF:
-> Compressed wood fibres via UF (available in standard grade or veneered with a thin timber layer).
-> Uses entail furniture items, model making etc.

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20
Q

Corrosion testing…

(Material tests)

A
  • Placing a specimen outside in certain weather for a certain time period…
  • Visual inspections can be carried out…
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21
Q

Electrical conductivity…

(Material tests)

A
  • A probe is placed on 2 equal specimens, and the resistance is measured; higher the resistance, the lower the conductivity.

(A multimeter is used for the probes and reading).

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22
Q

Thermal conductivity…

(Material tests)

A
  • Light a bunsen burner at one end of a specimen, and the shorter time it takes to reach the other end, the higher the thermal conductivity.
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23
Q

Tensile strength…

(Industrial tests)

A
  • Specimen held in a clamp at each end
  • One clamp twists specimen and other clamp holds it in place.
  • Specimen is then stretched, and data such as elastic limit, yield point etc is plotted.

(Tensometer machine)

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24
Q

Toughness…

(Material tests)

A
  • Izod impact test entails a pendulum being released and then hitting the specimen
  • The material that swings the least after impact is the toughest, (as well as abosorning the most impact).

(envisage diagram)

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25
Q

Polymer stock forms…

A
  • Granules
  • Sheet
  • Powder
  • Film
  • Rods
  • Foam
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26
Q

Paper stock forms…

A

A0 - A8

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27
Q

Different types of papers and its uses/properties…

A

Layout paper:
- Thin + transluscent with a smootgh surface
- Uses involve sketching, drawing and tracing.
Treated paper:
- Plain paper with a clear binder or dye layer to help hold image in paper surface.
- Uses involve photographic painting.

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28
Q

Different types of boards and its uses/properties…

A

Moulded paper pulp:
- Recycled + smooth inside with rough outside
- Uses include fruit packaging and egg boxes, making it foodsafe.
Duplex card:
- Coated water-resistant exterior, good aesthetics and waxy feel.
- Uses include food packaging, making it food safe.
Corrugated card:
- Outer carton board layer + corrugated middle layer and is impact resistance + food safe
- Uses involve food packaging, model making + prototypes

(All are foodsafe, with corrugated card being impact resistant).

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29
Q

Some polymer-based sheet and film with uses/properties…

A

Fluted PP:
- Lightweight with flutes.
- Uses involve road signage, small models etc.
LDPE:
- Tough and flexible + chemical resisitance with thin sheet available.
- Uses involve food wrapping, carrier bags, bubble wrap etc…
Polylactide:
- Tough + transparent and naturally biodegrades.
- Uses involve biodegradable packaging film/

(Polymer sheet available 3mm,5mm,10mm and 20mm).

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30
Q

Timber stock forms…

A

Rough sawn - Directly from seasoning with rough surfaces
PSE - Wood has just one planed edge, (taking 3mm off).
PAR - All sides and edges are planed, (board perhaps 3mm smaller than rough sawn).
Manufactured board - Size is 1220mm x 2440mm + Wide surfaces can be produced without need for joining processes.
Mouldings - e.g. skirting boards or wooden trims are readily available.

(Wood is strong along the grain and weak across, can be seasoned)

Moisture can be removed

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31
Q

Air seasoning and kiln seasoning…

A

Air seasoning:
- Wood stacked outdie, with air circulating to remove excess moisture.
- Used for outdoor products.
Kiln seasoning:
- Wood stacked in a kiln, and removes excess moisture quckly.
- Used for indoor products.

(80%-90% moisture removed)

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32
Q

3 main categories of polymers…

A
  • Thermoplastic
  • Thermoset
  • Elastomer (a material than can be deformed under pressure at room temperature)
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33
Q

Some thermoplastics and thier properties/uses…

A

LDPE:
- Tough, chemical + weather resistant, HOWEVER, low rigidity
- Uses involve detergent bottles, food wrapping + carrier bags
(HDPE same but more robust + uses involve buckets, jerry cans, bowls)
HIPS:
- Rigid, hard + tough with low melting Uses involve point
- Uses involve yoghurt pots, drink cups, control knobs etc.
ABS:
- Tough + hard, chemical resistant
- Uses involve calculators, domestic appliances, phone handsets etc.
PVC:
- Tough + flexible, chemical + weather resistant
- Uses involve hose pipes, cable insulation, seat coverings etc…

34
Q

Some thermosets and its properties/uses…

A

UF:
- Hard, heat resistant + good electrical conductivity HOWEVER, brittle
- Uses involve electrical fittings + adhesives
MF:
- Hard + tough, chemical + heat resistant and is foodsafe
- Uses involve kitchen worktops, buttons etc
PR:
- Rigid, chemical + heat resistant HOWEVER, brittle
- Uses involve lay-up lamination, car parts + boat hulls
ER:
- Hard + tough, chemical resistant and rigid
- Uses entail adhesives, aerospace applications and surface coatings

35
Q

Some elastomers and its uses/properties…

A

Natural rubber:
- Tensile strength + electrical insulator and tough + hard and cold resistant.
- Car tyres, footwear, toys and other autmotive uses.
BR:
- Tough + electrical insulator and thermal resistant + good friction resistance
- Uses involve car tyres, toys, conveyor belts + pneumatic hoses
Neoprene:
- Tough + electrical insulator and thermal + chemical + oil resistant
- Uses involve wetsuits, laptop cases and automotive applications e.g. car tyres.

36
Q

2 main categories of bio-polymers…

A
  • Natural bio-polymers are from natural materials e.g. cellulose.
  • Synthetic bio-polymers are from renewable sources that are chemically engineered to break down fast.

(Biodegradable polymers are from finite resources e.g. crude oil which degrade faster than traditional polymers)

37
Q

Cons of bio-polymers and biodegradable polymers…

A
  • May leave behind toxic chemicals once decomposed, from high temperatures
  • Cannot be recycled
  • ## Can be processed in the same way as thermoplastics e.g. injection moulding, vacuum forming etc +++

+++ = pros

38
Q

Some biopolymers/biodegradable polymers and their uses/properties…

A

Potatopak:
- Made from potato starch.
- Uses involve single-use food items e,g, cutlery, serviettes etc
PLA:
- Made from corn kernels/sugar canes.
- Uses involve 3D printing, packaging, bottles, carrier bags etc.
Lactide:
- Made from synthetic bio-polymer.
- Uses involve detergent sachets, biomedical applications, bone repair fixings etc.

(Most have food uses)

39
Q

Ways biopolymers degrade…

A

Oxy-degradable - Polymer turns into powder with oxygen exposure
Photodegradable - UV rays break down polymer
Hydro-degradable - Polymer broken down with water exposure

40
Q

Some composites and their properties/uses…

A

Aluminium composite board:
- Tough + lightweight and good thermal + sound insulation
- Uses involve shop signage, soundproofing car panels and boats.
Tungsten carbide:
- Hard + tough, high temperature + corrosion resistant
- Uses involve drill bits, kitchen knives etc

41
Q

Some smart materials and their properties/uses…

A

SMAs:
- Changes shape in response to temp change or electrical input
- Braces, screws, self-closing windows, plane wings etc.
Photochromic pigment:
- Changes colour with light intensity.
- Uses involve security markers, welding goggles etc.
Electroluminiscent wire:
- Thin copper wire coated in a phosphorescent material, that glows in response to a change in currrent.
- Uses involve glow bracelets, home decoration etc
Piezoelectric material:
- Releases a small electrical charge when deformed.
- Uses entail airbags, pressure sensors, BBQ lighters etc.

42
Q

Some modern materials and its uses/properties…

A

Kevlar:
- Aramid fibres that are cutproof and heat resistant.
- Uses entail bulletproof vests, puncture-resistant tyres etc.
PMC:
- Fine material particles
- Uses entail jewellery etc.
Polymorph:
- Granules that can be moulded and heated in water.
- Uses involve modelling, prototype mechanical parts etc

43
Q

Polymer enhancers

A

Lubricants (reduces viscosity to allow formation of intricate shapes).
Antistatic (reduce likelihood of static charge).
Flame retardants (reduce combustion chances)
Antioxidants
Fillers (increases product bulk)
Plasticisers (makes plastics less hard + brittle e.g. LDPE)
- Perhaps acrylic spray paints and pigments for finishes

44
Q

Wood enhancers…

A
  • Resins with fire retardants
  • Pigments for aesthetics.
  • SCL/LVL which prevents warping and boosts stability.
  • Laminations for protection
  • Preservatives to protect wood from fungal attack.
45
Q

Metal enhancement

A

Work hardening - Boosts tensile strength + hardness via bending or rolling (crytal structure changed)
Annealing - Boosts ductility + reduces brittleness (metal heated and cooled very slowly, allowing growth of crystals)
Case hardening which hardens the outer layer of the metal -> Carburisng (low carbon steel) alters crystal structure with a heated steel box for industry -> Quenching sees the hot metal dipped in cold water and seal hard surface.
Hardening (medium + high carbon steel) heated to alter crystal structure -> Quenching then takes places —> This boosts hardness + brittleness
Tempering - heat treatment removes excess hardness + brittleness of hardened metal -> boosts toughness + ductility -> metal then heated and slowly cooled, and tempering colour will indicate metal temperature

(In order)

46
Q

Polymer forming processes…

A
  • Vacuum forming (3D ligthweight products e.g food yoghurt pots)
  • Injection moulding (intricate casings e.g. TVs)
  • Thermoforming (used for other polymers or food packaging)
  • Calendaring (Thin polymer sheet and film)
  • Blow moulding (lightweight hollow products e.g. plastic bottles.
  • (lay-up) lamination (3D products from composites e.g. boats and yachts.
  • Line bending (used with acrylic e.g. phone stands).
  • Rotational moulding - Used for large wall thickness items e.g. traffic cones)
  • Extrusion - (used for ‘I’ or ‘T’ sections e.g. guttering)
  • Compression moulding (used for thermosets e.g. electrical plugs or picnic sets).

(Check google drive for more info)

47
Q

Metal forming processes…

A
  • Cupping (e.g. fire extinguishers or drinks cans).
  • Drop forging (e.g. spanners and screwdrivers)
  • Wrought iron forging (e.g. decroative metalwoek e.g. gates of fencing)
  • Bending (e.g. product casings)

(Check google drive for more info)

48
Q

Metal redistribution processes…

A
  • Hot chamber, cold chamber and gravity die casting (used with low-melting point metals e.g. zinc e.g. door handles, engine components and alloy wheels).
  • Sand casting is used for high melting points (e.g. park benches or post boxes).

(Check google drive for more info)

49
Q

Welding processes…

A

MIG welding:
Used for thin metal sheets, usually tube or box section - aluminium or medium carbon steel -> e.g. bike frames, car exhausts etc.
—> a heated electric arc melts joint area -> gap is filled with wire electrode melting in the arc

TIG welding:
Used for non-ferrous metals, stainless steel and alloys. -> e.g stainless steel car exhausts or ladders.
—> similar to MIG welding however, filler rod is used rather than wire electrode melting in the arc.
-> compared to MIG, better accuracy and quality cam be provided, meaning higher skill.

Oxy-acetylene welding:
Used when other welding forms are not available, however, useful for quick repair and no electricity is required.
—> Metal is prepared, an angle ‘v’ is grinded to ensure full welding coverage of metal thickness -> melt pool formed via heated joint area, and steel filler rod used simultaneously. -> melt pool forms bead on joint’s length, allowing molten metal flow.

50
Q

Wasting processes…

(Metal processes)

A
  • Milling
  • Turning
  • Flame cutting (uses oxy-acetylene gas)
  • Plasma (electrically conductive)
  • Laser cutting
  • Punching/stamping (uses CNC to stamp out sections in sheet material)
51
Q

Metal finishes…

A

Acrylic and cellulose paints:
-> Applies a textured finish and a corrosion barrier.
-> must be cleaned to allow the primer coat to grip the finish.
-> can be used with a brush or spray.
Electroplating:
-> coats cheap base metal for enhanced protection and aesthetics.
-> anode allows the cathode, (the object to be plated), to have the finish.
-> e.g. metal teapots.
Metal dip coating:
-> metal is dipped into molten metal, and acts a corrosion barrier.
-> e.g. car bodies.
Powder coating:
-> product to be coated is negatively statically charged, the positive thermoset PR is sprayed through an airgun. -> resulting in strong attraction between powder and product. -> product is baked in an oven -> coating provided with powder melted.
e.g. bicycles
Varnishing:
-> protects the metal, and provides a clear finish, showing the colour. -> used on expensive metals, e.g. aluminium.
-> surface grease should be removed with varnish applied either with a brush or spray.
Sealants:
-> protect polished surfaces from decay. -> normally applied with cloth or machine pad, which then allows the metal to cure, and is then buffed with a cloth to shine. -> automotive bodywork or polished exhaust pipes.
Preservatives:
-> often used on moulds or dies to prevent fingerprints showing up, and can be applied with a cloth or spray.
Anodising:
-> usually used for aluminium, boosting properties
hardness and toughness, and can provide colour
.-> current passes through sulphuric acid, to cathode -> aluminium oxide layer builds up on treated part as current travels from anode to cathode -> finish can then be varnished, e.g. for protection.
-> e.g. motorcycle components.
Cathodic protection:
-> current flows between anode and cathode, between aluminium sheets.
-> two types are impressed current and sacrificial anodes.
-> sacrificial has another metal protecting metal + impressed current supplies current from negative electrode, to be protected.
e.g. boats or ships

52
Q

Some adhesives…

A
  • PVA bonds wood/wood-based materials.
  • Contact adhesive can bond different materials together
  • Solvent cement bonds polymers together e.g. Tensol 12
  • Epoxy resin bonds different materials and comes in resin or hardener
53
Q

Paper and board finishing…

A
  • Debossing produces an IMPRINTED depression
  • Embossing produced an outer decorative layer
  • UV varnishing + spot varnishing uses clear ink to enhance aesthetics
  • Foil blocking applies heat + pressure to foil to create texture for an aesthetic impact.
54
Q

Pros and cons of flexographic printing….

(Paper and board printing processes)

A

Pros:
- High print speed
- Low cost for equipment + consumables + low maintenance
- Can print for long runs
Cons:
- Printing plates’ costs high
- Large amount of substrate may cause material wastage
- Time consuming to alter print content

(CMYK and is the least costly printing process).

Used in catalogues, labels, comics etc.

55
Q

Pros and cons of offset lithographic printing…

A

Pros:
- Consistent high image quality
- High volume print runs
- Long life of printing plates
Cons:
- Expensive set-up + running costs.

(CMYK and metallic with ten-roller machine).

Used in books, magazines etc.

56
Q

Wood finishes…

A
  • Water-based paints (provides protection and colour, outdoor + indoor usage)
  • Stains (adds colour)
  • Colour wash (enhances aesthetics)
  • Wax (good aesthetics and boosts hardness + toughness)
  • Danish oil (water-resistant)
  • Teak oil (good aesthetics and insect resistant)
  • Pressure treating (aids wood to be weather resistant + insect resistant for up to 50 years) and can be used for decking + bridges

(Polymers are self-finishing)

57
Q

UPS…

A
  • Employs an efficient computerised overhead transporter system.
  • Improves quality and allows more labour efficiency.
58
Q

QRM…

A
  • Reduces time taken to respond to orders
59
Q

Vertical in-house production…

A
  • A company owns its supply chain
  • Sub-assemblies set-up
    Pros:
  • Reduced rish of components’ price rises
  • Brand protection and IPR and makes QA strategies easier.
    Cons:
  • Specialisation reduced
  • Rise in administration
60
Q

Modular/cell production…

A
  • Manufacturing cells combine CNC machinery (e.g. lathes) to carry out a sequence of operations.
  • AGVs transport materials from different buffer zones.
61
Q

JiT…

A
  • Manufacturing needed products
  • Via things like regular feedback meetings, waste reduction, better management etc.
62
Q

Bought-in components…

A
  • Sourced parts from external suppliers.
  • Reasons involve higher consistency, more sub-assemblies, components can be bought in bulk and more…
63
Q

Copyright, patents…

A
  • Copyright legally protects work e.g. music, films etc
  • Patents gives legal rights for specific designs or systems
  • Registered designs JUST protect product apperance
  • Trademark gives legal protection for brand identity
64
Q

Calculating takt time…

(In mins)

A

production time / customer demand
e.g. 1000 mins per day / 500 items per day = 2 mins

(Calculates working times etc)

65
Q

Details on dowel joint…

(Joints and fixtures)

A
  • Uses small round pegs.
  • No specialist tools required.
  • Joining done via KDF fitting.
  • Dowel join via measuring holes, drilling and then applying glue.
  • Used in flat-pack furniture
66
Q

Details on mitre joint…

A
  • Similar to butt joints as it relies heavily on just gluing together.
  • Ends of material pieces to make 40 degree corner, and is then cut to 45 degrees.
  • Pieces are glued and clamped, and corners are straightened with a mitre jig.
  • Used in picture frames
67
Q

Details on comb joint…

(Or finger joint)

A
  • Used in box contruction
68
Q

Details on butt joint…

A
  • Used to join timber pieces together (joints to be used are cut square)
  • Involves adhesive e.g PVA
  • Used for lightweight applications e.g. modelling
69
Q

Details on dovetail joint…

A
  • Good directional strength
  • Used in drawers, as this gives good directional strength
  • Can be done by hand or can be machined by a router with a jig
70
Q

Details on mortise and tenon joint…

A
  • Used for heavy frame construction e.g. furniture
  • Involves a square or rectangular hole being made
  • Can be done with a chisel or via CNC
  • Uses PVA and a mortise to join pieces together
71
Q

Details on housing joint…

A
  • Used in framework construction, cabinets and shelving.
  • Groove is cut on one piece and then other piece goes in it.
  • ## Joint is structurally strong and can be done by a chisel or a CNC router
72
Q

Details on half-lap joint…

A
  • Used to make simple frames or boxes.
  • Made by cutting a ‘step’
  • These joints are easy to mark out and cut
73
Q

Details on knock-down fittings…

A
  • Used to make flat-pack furniture
  • Reduces cost for manufacturers and customers + This is transported and is not assembled.
  • Can be used on a wide range of products, as they are standardised and interchangable.
74
Q

Details on modesty blocks…

A
  • Small, rigid polymer blocks
  • They take screws which are used to join block to panels
  • Typically used on used for cupboards and storage units.
  • Simple but not very strong and is unattractiuve + Becoming outdated in mainstream furniture manufacture.
75
Q

Details on barrel nut and bolt…

A
  • Cross-dowel used to fit into one of the pieces to be joined
  • Used in flat-pack furniture e.g. the frame of a bed or table.
76
Q

Some wastage processes…

A
  • Turning
  • Routing timber
  • Milling timber
77
Q

Details on cam-lock connector…

(Plus coach bolts)

A
  • Used in flat-pack furniture e.g. bookcases, where horizontal shleves are attached to the sides
  • Both pieces are held together tightly
  • Coach bolts have a thread that run about 2/3 of the way along the bolt.
  • Used for secure bolts or locks in wooden doors.
78
Q

Some forming processes…

(Timber and manufactured board things)

A

Lamination - Bonding materials together -> Former and veneers are placed under a polythene sheet
Steam bending - Timber made pliable for former shape -> Combines heat and steam

(Check google drive)

79
Q
A
80
Q

Process of SCL and LVL…

A
  • Engineered woods made by layering either veneers or strands of wood with resin e.g. UF
    -> Then pressing and heating used to produce a stable wood billet.

A Level Product Design (7 decks)

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