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history - english revolution > Year 12 1629-1640 > Flashcards

Year 12 1629-1640 Flashcards

1
Q

What were Whig historians interpretations of Charles rule without Parliament?

A
  • wrote in the late 19th and early 20th century
  • argue that there was a ‘high road’ to civil war
  • they say war was caused by a long-term conflict over power between the crown and Parliament and that civil war was inevitable
  • they would refer to 1630s as an ‘eleven years tyranny’
  • would argue Charles attempted to rule as an absolutist monarch
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2
Q

what were revisionist historians interpretations of Charles’ rule without Parliament?

A
  • writing from the 1970s onwards
  • would argue the war was caused by short term factors
  • they stress that conflict was not inevitable
  • they use the label of ‘personal rule’
  • suggest there was many positives of the personal rule period
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3
Q

what were the post-revisionist interpretations of charles’ rule without parliament?

A
  • try to find a middle way between whig and revisionist arguments
    -argue that while the war was not inevitable, it did have real long term consequences
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4
Q

when was parliament dismissed?

A

parliament was dismissed in 1629 - he would not call it again until 1640

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5
Q

who were the privy council?

A

the king’s chosen advisors who met to shape the king’s wishes into policies, and oversaw the implementation of these policies
e.g william laud, thomas wentworth

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6
Q

What was the role of the courts?

A
  • they all inforced charles will
  • existed to assert the king’s authority
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7
Q

what was the star chamber?

A
  • made up of privy councillors selected by the monarch
  • cases were heard in secret
  • the court could sentence individuals to fines, imprisonment or corporal punishment, but could not give the death penalty
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8
Q

what was the court of high commision?

A
  • the chief church court
  • Laud used it to punish those within the church who defied the uniformity and order he was attemptine to introduce
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9
Q

what were the council of the north and council of the welsh

A

regional prerogative courts

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10
Q

what was the role of sheriffs in local gov

A
  • chosen by the king
  • main task was the administration of justice
  • held alleged criminals in jail until the country deals with them
  • an unpopular role
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11
Q

what was the role of constables in local gov

A
  • selected by sheriffs
  • men from the local community who served for one year - unpaid
  • upheld common law
  • loyalty was to their local area and to the king
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12
Q

what was the Book of Orders?

A
  • laid down a clear procedure for organising local government
  • ordered the JPs to meet monthly - supervise the work of the constables
  • send reports directly to the sheriffs who would pass on reports to the privy council
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13
Q

What was Charles court like?

A
  • James’ court had been informal with little hierarchy
  • Charles preferred a more formal and dignified style - he aimed to restrict access to himself and amphasise the divine nature of the monarch
  • once Parliament was dismissed the court took on increasing importance as the only centre of power
  • It also became isolated as Charles seemed to be surrounding himself with his closest supporters only
  • led to a growing gap beetween court and country which some historians say contributed significantly to the outbreak of civil war.
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14
Q

Henrietta Maria and Catholics?

A
  • after Bs death they became a devoted couple
  • HM continued to practice her Catholic faith
  • some courtiers converted to Catholicism mainly to gain influence and patronage
  • his wife’s catholicism led some puritans to fear that england was being taken back to the Catholic church
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15
Q

What were masques?

A

Eleaborate plays with dancing and extravagant costumes

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16
Q

Why was Charles and HM in masques?

A

The usual theme of the masques qas of a country in chaos which was restored to beautiful order by the appearance of the King and Queen

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17
Q

What was the problem with art and masques?

A
  • Masques were deeply unpopular with Puritans
  • Charles’ love of art - suggested a love of Catholic Europeans culture
    Van Dyck - his portraits seemed to emphasise the Bivine right of kings and even suggested an absolutist nature to Charles’ rule
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18
Q

How did people outside the court feel?

A

Believed that the Catholics at court were corrupting the king and tturning him towards absolutism

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19
Q

How did those within the court feel?

A

Believed that radical Puritans were determined to reduce the King’s prerogative and hurl the country into chaos

20
Q

what did article 12 in the magna carta argue?

A

‘no taxes shall be imposed on our kingdom unless by common council’ - in later years this was usually taken to mean that the king could not raise taxes without Parliament

21
Q

what were the first things that he did that achieved savings?

A
  • made peace with France (1629) and Spain (1630)
  • reforming the royal household (the cost of runnish Charles’ court)
22
Q

what methods of collecting money came from william noy’s searching of the kings mines?

A
  • customs duties - such as tonnage and poundage - by 1639 he was collecting £425,000 a year from this tax
  • recusancy fines - in 1634 this made Charles £27,000
  • distraint of knighthood - a fine for anyone who owned land woth £40 per year or more, who had not recieved a knighthood on Charles coronation - raised £175,000
  • monopolies - sold the exclusive right to trade in one product
  • wardships - right to run any estate where the heir inherited under the age of 21 - made about £75,000 a year
  • forest fines - any landowner who was said to have encroached on royal estates was fined
  • land titles - those who rented land from the crown but could not prove continuous occupation for the past 60 years were fined
  • enclosure fines - those who had enclosed common land without royal permission were fined
  • ship money - the most controversial of Charles’ mines
23
Q

when was ship money extended to inland counties>

A

in 1635

24
Q

why was ship money a disastrous mistake for Charles?

A
  • there was no precedent for making it an annual permanent tax
  • the only time it has ever been raised from inland counties before was during the spanish armada
  • money was used for the navy, but many english ships were actually being used to help protect spanish ships from pirates due to charles’ new pro-spanish foreign policy - this was deeply unpopular in England
25
Q

what do historians who argue that ship money was successful point out?

A
  • about 90% of the tax was paid before 1638 - it raised around £190,000 a year, all of which was soent on the navy
  • before 1637 there were few legal challenges to ship money
  • many were grudgingly accepting that ship money was likely to become a new permanent tax
  • charles could therefore hav survived using these methods providing he did not go to war
26
Q

What changes did Laud introduce when he was made the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633?

A
  • communion table moved to the east wing on the church, covered with decorative cloth and railed off
  • more emphasis on ceremonies
  • more decoration, such as stained glass windows
  • increased use of music services
  • ministers wearing special vestments
  • removal of the gentry’s ornamental pews at the front of the church
27
Q

what were his most controversial chaneges he imposed?

A
  • reintroduced the chatecism which was used in the catholic church
  • passed a law only permitting preaching to take place on sunday mornings and evenings
  • issued a book of sports - included a range of activities which people were encouraged to do after their sunday church service
28
Q

how were reforms enforced?

A

through visitations and the use of ecclesiastical courts - specifically the court of high commision

29
Q

what were puritans most fearful of?

A

in 1640 a convocation agreed to pass Laud’s reforms into law - “by archbishops, bishops, deans and archdeacons etc” - puritans feared the ‘etc’ meant that Laud wished to bring back the power of the Pope in England

30
Q

what were the four groups in the population of Ireland in the 1630s?

A
  • Irish Catholics - the ‘ordinary’ irish who made up 80-90% of the population
  • catholic old english - landowning nobility descended from the original english settlers before the reformation - regarded themselves as the rightful aristocracy in ireland
  • protestant new english - descended from english settlers after the reformation - increasing their power in the 17th century
  • scottish presbyterians - many scots had emigrated to ireland during James’ reign most settled in ulster
31
Q

what changes did he introduce in ireland?

A
  • book of rates - set new levels for taxation and doubled income from custom duties to £80,000 per year
  • fined the city of london - £70,000
  • introduced the 39 articles bringing Laudian ideas into the Church of Ireland
  • an irish court of high commision was set up to enforce laudian changes to the church
  • extended the plantation of protestant settlers
  • intimidated juries and JPs into returning land which had belonged to the crown and church
  • set up new prerogative courts - specifically to recover land for the church
  • attacked the high profile members of the new english - e.g the ear of cork was fined £15,000 by the star chamber
32
Q

what was charles’ foreign policy?

A

charles followed a neutral policy but one which overall favoured the spanish - many of his opponents saw this as part of a general catholic conspiracy

33
Q

how did john morris refer to personal rule?

A

referred to a ‘coiled spring’ effect - a build up of tension in the 1630s

34
Q

why were the financial meadures imposed by charles successful in the majority of the 1630s?

A
  • individuals could be punished through prerogative courts for non-payment
  • all the methods were essentially legal - ‘mining’ old methods of raising money rather than coming up with new controversial ideas
  • concers over the collection of money would have been traditionally raised through parliament - without this route it was often easier to just pay
35
Q

what was the first opposition?

A

the earl of warwick who challenged forest fires

36
Q

why was ship money the area that was the most challenged?

A
  • the burden of collection was on local JPs - crown set a target for each county and it was up to JPs to assess how much should be taken from each hundred
  • ship money offered the monarch the prospect of long-term financial stability and freedom from calling parliament
37
Q

why did charles decide to accept a show trial?

A

he decided that a trial would help him establish his legal right to collect ship money

38
Q

who did he put on trial?

A

John Hampden - he was close friends with men who Charles knew opposed the personal rule; fiennes and john pym

39
Q

what did Oliver St John (Hampdens chief lawyer) argue?

A
  • the call for ship money had been made 6 months before improvements to the navy begun - this meant that Charles had had enough time to call Parliament and raise subsidies instead
40
Q

what was the significance of the trial?

A
  • Charles won the case by a narrow majority - 7 to 5 judges
  • collection of ship money went back up to 90 % after the case, however by 1640 it had dropped to 20%.
41
Q

what happened at st gregory’s church?

A

challenged the order to move their communion table, they were brought before the Privy Council as a ‘test case’ and ordered to obey

42
Q

why was john williams imprisoned?

A

he was imprisonaed after publishing a pamphlet called ‘the Holy Table, Name and Thing’ which criticised the government’s altar policy

43
Q

why was william prynne taken to court?

A

he wrote a pamphlet called ‘Histriomastix’ which criticised the court and the queen in particular for her role in masques

44
Q

what were their punishments?

A

they were fined £5,000 each, were imprisoned for life and were sentenced to ear cropping

45
Q

what was another sign of opposition?

A
  • high levels of migration to the new world - during 1629-40 around 60,000 left england to start a new life
46
Q

name 2 charter companies

A

saybrook venture and providence island

history - english revolution (2 decks)

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