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Year 11 unit 1 > Year 11 unit 1 > Flashcards

Year 11 unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Acronym do all living things have in common?

A

M - MOVEMENT
R - RESPIRATION
S - SENSISTIIVY

C - CELLS

G - GROWTH
R - REPRODUCTION
E - EXCRETION
N - NUTRITION
D - DNA

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2
Q

What are the principles of the cell theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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3
Q

All cells share what four common components?

A
  • a plasma membrane:
  • cytoplasm:
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  • lack membrane-bound organelles, including the nucleus
  • single circular DNA molecule
  • unicellular and small
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  • Lack membrane-bound organelles, including the nucleus
  • single circular DNA molecule
  • unicellular and small
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?

A
  • have membrane-bound organelles
  • larger
  • multicellular and unicellular
  • have multiple linear chromosomes in a nucleus
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7
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

A

Prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) differ from eukaryotes in that they have no internal compartments, called organelles.

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8
Q

What is the structure and function of ribosomes?

A
  • the site of protein synthesis, using the genetic code from the nucleus
  • small flattened and spherical, made up of rRNA
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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A
  • Enclosed within the double membrane (nuclear envelope), a large spherical shape usually in the middle of the cell

Contains the cell’s DNA

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleolus?

A
  • produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
  • small sphere in the middle of the nucleus
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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?

A
  • The main site of generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions (cellular respiration).

glucose –> ATP [POWERHOUSE]

  • Large, typically round to oval in shape organelle with a double membrane-bound organelle
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12
Q

What is the structure and function of the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Transport system within cells
Protein modification (rough ER)
Lipid synthesis and storage, (smooth ER)

  • continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm, surrounding the nucleus
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13
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Modify, package, and export substances out of the cell with vesicles
    [Proteins and lipids from the ER enter the Golgi apparatus]
  • a membrane-bound organelle that is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches
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14
Q

What is the structure and function of vesicles?

A
  • A vesicle is a self-contained structure consisting of fluid or gas surrounded and enclosed by an outer membrane called the lipid bilayer
  • functions are
  • Transport materials between organelle
    secretory vesicles release content extracellular
  • lysosomes to digest and recycle waste.
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15
Q

How are vesicles formed?

A

Vesicles are formed when by the pinching off of the cell membrane of the
- endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus,
- or if an extracellular substance gets surrounded by the cell membrane.

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of Lysosomes (Type of vesicle)?

A

digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms via enzymes
AKA RECYCLE CENTRE

spherical, membrane-bound organelle filled with enzymes
–> ORIGINATE FROM GA

17
Q

What is the structure and function of Peroxisome (Type of vesicle)?

A

spherical, membrane-bound organelle filled with enzymes
–> ORIGINATE FROM ER

Breakdown of substances toxic to the cell, enzymes break down fatty acids and amino acids (metabolism)

18
Q

What is the structure and function of Chloroplast?

A

F: site of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy,

Light –> Glucose

Structure
- Large, typically round to oval in shape organelle with a double membrane-bound organelle with a green pigment
- Usually found on the edge of the cell

19
Q

What is the structure and function of the cell wall?

A

F: Provides protection, shape, and support to the cell

S: Thick boundary around the cell membrane

20
Q

What is the structure and function of the vacuole?

A

F: Storage of nutrients and mineral salts & Waste disposal

S: Large vesicle and central in plant cells

21
Q

What is the function and structure of a Centriole?

A

F: organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system, specifically used in cell reproduction / Divison (Mitosis/meiosis)

S: Paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

22
Q

What is the function and structure of the cytoskeleton

A

F: helps cells maintain their shape and internal
organization
- It is responsible for locomotion of the cell and organelle within it.
- support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

S: three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

23
Q

What is an organelle?

A

subcellular structures that each have a specific
function

24
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Everything contained inside the cell
membrane except for the nucleus

25
Q

What is the structure and function of cytosol?

A

Structure: the jelly like fluid “soup” within which all of the cell’s organelles reside, containing dissolved nutrients. The nucleus often flows with the cytoplasm changing its shape as it moves.

It is also the home of the cytoskeleton.

26
Q

Name the cell appendages and their function

A

Flagella and cilia to aid in cell motility

27
Q

Name the difference between animal and plant cells

A

Plant cells have

  • cell wall,
  • chloroplasts,
  • a large central vacuole

Animal cells have

  • centrioles
  • lysosomes
  • Numerous vacuoles
28
Q

What is the protein secretory pathway?

A
  1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  2. Transport vesicle
  3. Golgi Apparatus
  4. Secretory vesicle
  5. Fuse with membrane to
    realise content
29
Q

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory, which suggests that certain organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from ancient prokaryotic organisms?

A

The organelles have
- Their DNA
- Double membranes
- Reproduce independently
- Prokaryotic in size

30
Q

Why is cell size important?

A

efficient exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products with the environment.

Large cells exchange nutrients and waste less efficiently than small cells

31
Q

How do cells maintain HIGH SA:V Ratio?

A

Flattening of cells
Cell surface projections
Dividing the cytoplasm
Dividing the cell into compartments

Year 11 unit 1 (1 decks)

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