Year 11 unit 1 Flashcards
What is the Acronym do all living things have in common?
M - MOVEMENT
R - RESPIRATION
S - SENSISTIIVY
C - CELLS
G - GROWTH
R - REPRODUCTION
E - EXCRETION
N - NUTRITION
D - DNA
What are the principles of the cell theory?
- All organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in organisms.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All cells share what four common components?
- a plasma membrane:
- cytoplasm:
- DNA
- ribosomes
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?
- lack membrane-bound organelles, including the nucleus
- single circular DNA molecule
- unicellular and small
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?
- Lack membrane-bound organelles, including the nucleus
- single circular DNA molecule
- unicellular and small
What are the characteristics of eukaryotes?
- have membrane-bound organelles
- larger
- multicellular and unicellular
- have multiple linear chromosomes in a nucleus
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?
Prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) differ from eukaryotes in that they have no internal compartments, called organelles.
What is the structure and function of ribosomes?
- the site of protein synthesis, using the genetic code from the nucleus
- small flattened and spherical, made up of rRNA
What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
- Enclosed within the double membrane (nuclear envelope), a large spherical shape usually in the middle of the cell
Contains the cell’s DNA
What is the structure and function of the nucleolus?
- produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
- small sphere in the middle of the nucleus
What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?
- The main site of generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions (cellular respiration).
glucose –> ATP [POWERHOUSE]
- Large, typically round to oval in shape organelle with a double membrane-bound organelle
What is the structure and function of the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Transport system within cells
Protein modification (rough ER)
Lipid synthesis and storage, (smooth ER)
- continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm, surrounding the nucleus
What is the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus?
- Modify, package, and export substances out of the cell with vesicles
[Proteins and lipids from the ER enter the Golgi apparatus] - a membrane-bound organelle that is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches
What is the structure and function of vesicles?
- A vesicle is a self-contained structure consisting of fluid or gas surrounded and enclosed by an outer membrane called the lipid bilayer
- functions are
- Transport materials between organelle
secretory vesicles release content extracellular - lysosomes to digest and recycle waste.
How are vesicles formed?
Vesicles are formed when by the pinching off of the cell membrane of the
- endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus,
- or if an extracellular substance gets surrounded by the cell membrane.
What is the structure and function of Lysosomes (Type of vesicle)?
digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms via enzymes
AKA RECYCLE CENTRE
spherical, membrane-bound organelle filled with enzymes
–> ORIGINATE FROM GA
What is the structure and function of Peroxisome (Type of vesicle)?
spherical, membrane-bound organelle filled with enzymes
–> ORIGINATE FROM ER
Breakdown of substances toxic to the cell, enzymes break down fatty acids and amino acids (metabolism)
What is the structure and function of Chloroplast?
F: site of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy,
Light –> Glucose
Structure
- Large, typically round to oval in shape organelle with a double membrane-bound organelle with a green pigment
- Usually found on the edge of the cell
What is the structure and function of the cell wall?
F: Provides protection, shape, and support to the cell
S: Thick boundary around the cell membrane
What is the structure and function of the vacuole?
F: Storage of nutrients and mineral salts & Waste disposal
S: Large vesicle and central in plant cells
What is the function and structure of a Centriole?
F: organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system, specifically used in cell reproduction / Divison (Mitosis/meiosis)
S: Paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope
What is the function and structure of the cytoskeleton
F: helps cells maintain their shape and internal
organization
- It is responsible for locomotion of the cell and organelle within it.
- support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.
S: three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
What is an organelle?
subcellular structures that each have a specific
function
What is the cytoplasm?
Everything contained inside the cell
membrane except for the nucleus
