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Psychology Exam Revision Chap > Year 11 Psychology AOS2 Test Revision > Flashcards

Year 11 Psychology AOS2 Test Revision Flashcards

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0
Q

Define ‘cognitive development’.

A

The development of our mental abilities throughout the course of the lifespan.

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1
Q

What are the 3 categories of changes that psychologists consider when studying lifespan development?

A
  1. Biological and physical development.
  2. Cognitive development.
  3. Social and emotional development.
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2
Q

What are the main biological and physical developments associated with the stage, ‘adolescence’?

A

Dramatic growth spurt, sexual maturity, brain development (especially prefrontal cortex)

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3
Q

What are the main cognitive developments associated with the stage, ‘adolescence’?

A

Sophisticated and logical thinking.

Gains knowledge and understanding.

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4
Q

What age range does ‘early adulthood’ cover?

A

20-40

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5
Q

In the ‘old age’ 65+ group, is it true that everyone will have a decline in cognitive abilities?

A

No. For many people there will be SOME cognitive decline, but it is not inevitable.

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6
Q

What is the nature vs nurture debate?

A

The question of whether we inherit our characteristics from our parents via our genes (nature) or learn them from our environment (nurture).

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7
Q

What is the current thinking on this debate?

A

That BOTH nature and nurture contribute to human development.

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8
Q

Define maturation.

A

Maturation refers to the orderly developmental changes which occur in the nervous system and other bodily structures controlled by our genes.

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9
Q

What is a ‘sensitive period’ in development?

A

A period of time when a person is more responsive to certain influences from their environment.

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10
Q

How does the ‘sensitive period’ relate to the development of language? What is the famous case study that relates to this?

A

Studies have suggested that there is a time period (from about 3-12) where our brains are highly sensitive to language, and we acquire language easily. After this sensitive period it is almost impossible to learn to speak fluently.
The case study of ‘GENIE’.

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11
Q

What is one way that psychologists can study nature vs nurture?

A

Family studies.

Twin studies.

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12
Q

Who were the Genain quadruplets? Why were they studied?

A

Four identical sisters, who all developed schizophrenia by the time they were 24.
They were studied to try to determine if schizophrenia is a disorder caused more by genes or the environment.

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13
Q

What are developmental norms?

A

The average age that a certain behaviour or skill will be achieved.

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14
Q

What does the term ‘perceptual development’ refer to?

A

An aspect of cognitive development that allows a young human being to start interpreting and understanding sensory input.

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15
Q

Are all of an infants senses fully developed at birth?

A

No. Eg vision.

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16
Q

What was the ‘visual cliff’ experiment testing?

A

Depth perception of babies.

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17
Q

What is the first close emotional relationship that a child forms?

A

Their attachment with their main caregiver.

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18
Q

What is ‘privation’?

A

When an infant/child never forms a close relationship with anyone.

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19
Q

What are some of the attachment behaviours that Bowlby identified?

A

Smiling, cooing at caregiver.
Protesting when caregiver leaves.
Expressing joy when caregiver returns.
Wanting to be close to caregiver.

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20
Q

Who did the strange situation experiment?

A

Mary Ainsworth.

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21
Q

Describe a Type A (insecure avoidant) attachment according to Ainsworth’s theory.

A

These infants do not have a strong bond with their caregiver, they don’t cling to them, they don’t care when they leave the room and they ignore them when they return. They become distressed when left alone, but can be comforted by either their caregiver or a stranger. 20-25% of babies.

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22
Q

Which psychologist famously studied attachment using baby monkeys?

A

Harry Harlow.

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23
Q

What conclusion did Harlow reach in his studies on monkeys?

A

That contact comfort is more important than nourishment in creating attachment between infant and caregiver.

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24
Q

Can Harlow’s conclusion be easily generalised to human infants? Explain.

A

No, because monkeys and humans are different species. However, Harlow did propose that contact comfort is LIKELY to be a significant factor in human attachment.

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25
Q

Which psychologist do we associate with theories on cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget

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26
Q

What is the key cognitive accomplishment/development of Piaget’s ‘sensorimotor’ stage?

A

Object permanence - babies learn that an object still exists even if they cannot see it.

Another one is; goal directed behaviour. But it is not the MAIN one.

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27
Q

In Piaget’s ‘pre-operational’ stage, how old are children?

A

2-7 years.

28
Q

In Piaget’s ‘pre-operational’ stage, children display egocentrism - they are unable to view the world from someone else’s perspective.
What test/experiment did Piaget design to test this?

A

The mountain experiment.

29
Q

5 year old Sarah loves My Little Pony, she has 20 of them. When it is her mother’s birthday, Sarah wants to buy her mother a My Little Pony toy.

What type of thinking would Piaget say that Sarah is displaying?

A

Egocentrism.

30
Q

4 year old Lachlan trips over the coffee table at home and falls down. He sits up and smacks the table and says “naughty table go to your room”.

What type of thinking would Piaget say that Lachlan is displaying?

A

Animism

31
Q

What is the third stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Concrete operational.

32
Q

What is the key cognitive accomplishment/development of Piaget’s ‘Concrete operational’ stage?

A

Conservation - understanding an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area despite changes to its shape.

Transformation - understanding that something can change from one state to another.

33
Q

What is the last stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? And what is the age range?

A

Formal operational stage. 12+

34
Q

What is the key cognitive accomplishment/development of Piaget’s ‘formal operational’ stage?

A

Abstract thinking & logical thinking.

35
Q

What is moral behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is considered proper or ethical according to a society or culture.

36
Q

What is moral development ?

A

The gradual development of an individual’s concept of right and wrong.

37
Q

Which psychologist proposed the famous theory’s for moral development?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

38
Q

What is the name of the well known moral dilemma that Kohlberg used to test his participants?

A

The Heinz dilemma.

39
Q

What are the three broad levels of moral development that Kohlberg suggested in his theory?

A
  1. Preconventional.
  2. Conventional.
  3. Postconventional.
40
Q

In stage 3 - good girl/good boy orientation, what sort of moral reasoning is displayed?

A

Obeys rules to please others and be seen as ‘nice’. To gain social acceptance.

41
Q

In stage 4 - authority orientation, what sort of moral reasoning is displayed?

A

Right and wrong are about respecting authority and obeying the rules and laws of society.

42
Q

According to Kohlberg does everyone reach the last stage of moral reasoning?

A

No, most people wouldn’t move beyond the conventional level.

43
Q

In the highest stage of moral development, Stage 6 - individual principles and conscience orientation, what sort of moral reasoning is displayed?

A

Individuals beliefs might not always match the law, they have their own conscience, which may be in conflict with their friends.

44
Q

Which psychologist do we associate with theories on successful ageing?

A

Paul Baltes

45
Q

Baltes came up with the SOC model for successful ageing. What does the acronym stand for?

A

Selective optimisation with compensation.

46
Q

What is ‘ageism’?

A

Prejudice against others because of their age.

47
Q

Name at least 2 of Baltes keys to successful ageing.

A
  1. Healthy lifestyle.
  2. Remain mentally healthy.
  3. Social involvement.
  4. Consider the meaning of life.
  5. Effective coping skills.
48
Q

How many people will experience a mental illness at some point in their lives?

A

20-30%

49
Q

What is the difference between a mental health problem and a mental illness?

A

A mental illness is more severe and more on-going than a mental health problem.

50
Q

Define ‘mental illness’.

A

A mental disorder that affects one or more functions of the mind.

51
Q

How does the statistical approach define normality?

A

The frequency with which a behaviour or characteristic occurs within the population.

52
Q

How does the medical approach define normality?

A

Through diagnosing someone with a mental illness, a persons state of mental health is determined by a set of symptoms.

53
Q

What is psychosis?

A

Refers to situations where the person loses contact with reality.

54
Q

What is neurosis?

A

Non-psychotic illnesses.

55
Q

What sorts of mental health disorders were found to be most common in Australia?

A

Mood disorders e.g. depression.

Anxiety disorders e.g. Phobias.

56
Q

What is the DSM and what is it used for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. It is used to identify and classify symptoms of mental disorders.

57
Q

What does the DSM NOT do?

A

It does not specify the causes of a mental disorder or suggest treatment options.

58
Q

What version of the DSM is currently in use?

A

DSM-5

59
Q

What is one common myth about mental illness?

A

That they are incurable and lifelong.
That people are born with them.
That people with a mental illness are dangerous.
That only certain types of people can develop a mental illness.

60
Q

Continuous Development

A

Development that continues in stages throughout someone’s lifespan.

61
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

Development occurs at distinct stages, people pass through stages of life that are qualitatively different from each other.

62
Q

Accomodation

A

The process by which existing mental structures are modified to adapt to new experiences.

63
Q

Assimilation

A

What is perceived in the outside world is incorporated into the internal world. Also combining past experiences with schemata.

64
Q

Pre-conventional Stage

A

At this level moral reasoning is based on self-interest. Behaviour is motivated by external authority – punishment and rewards.

65
Q

Conventional Stage

A

Moral reasoning is based on the necessity to follow rules to maintain a social order. Rules are absolute and inflexible.

66
Q

Post-Conventional Stage

A

Moral reasoning is based on a ‘personal’ code of ethics, where a flexible approach to rules is acceptable.

67
Q

Type B

A

Secure Attachment - These infants will play happily when their caregiver is present, trusting that their caregiver will be there if they need them. These infants are very attached to their caregiver and will become distressed when their caregiver leaves. A stranger can comfort the infant, but is treated differently to the caregiver. When the caregiver returns, these infants will seek immediate contact and are delighted when they are reunited. 65%

68
Q

Type C

A

Insecure Resistant Attachment - These infants are more clingy, cry more and do not explore or play as much as Type A or B. They become extremely distressed when their caregiver leaves and resist any comfort from the stranger. These infants seek contact with the caregiver when reunited, but will not display joy during this time. Instead they will continue to be distressed, cry and will not play. 10%

Psychology Exam Revision Chap (1 decks)

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