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Science > Year 10 Semester 2 Exam > Flashcards

Year 10 Semester 2 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is average speed

A

Total distance covered divided by total time taken

Easiest way to determine: Distance / Time ratio

  • Eg. Average speed of all speedometer readings in a car
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2
Q

What is the Formula for Average Speed

A

Speed = Distance / Time

Distance = Speed * Time

Time = Distance / Speed

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3
Q

How To Convert From m/s To km/h

A

1) From m/s to km/s, divide by 1000

2) From km/s to km/hr, multiply by 3600

  • Or just multiply by 3.6
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4
Q

How To Convert From km/h To m/s

A

1) From km/hr to m/hr, multiply by 1000

2) From m/hr to m/s, divide by 3600

  • Or just divide by 3.6
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5
Q

What is Instantaneous Speed

A

Speed of an object at any given instance

When object moves, doesn’t move at steady pace

  • Instantaneous speed always changing
  • Eg. Speedometer readings in a car
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6
Q

What Are Scalar Quantities

A

Quantity ignorant of direction

Physical quantity, only has magnitude or size

Eg. Speed, Mass, Temperature, Energy

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7
Q

What Are Vector Quantities

A

Quantity conscious of direction

Physical quantitiy, has both magnitude and direction

Eg. Displacement, Velocity, Force, Momentum

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8
Q

How Do You Display Vector Quantities

A

Use head to tail method

Resultant force goes from tail of final force to head of initial force

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9
Q

What is Distance

A

Amount of total change of location over course of motion

Amount of ground that is covered

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10
Q

What Are The Two Quantities Used to Measure Changing Location

A

Distance
Displacement

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11
Q

What is Displacement

A

Overall change in position of object from start to finish

Doesn’t concern itself with accumulation of distance of path

An object can be moving, and have zero displacement
- Eg. Jumping, where person moves up and down, but has no displacement

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12
Q

What is Speed

A

Quantity that describes how fast or slow an object is moving

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13
Q

What is Velocity

A

Quantity that is defined as the rate at which an objects position changes

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14
Q

What is Average Velocity

A

Rate at which an object changes its displacement over time

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15
Q

What is Instantaneous Velocity

A

Velocity of an object at any given instance

If object moving at unsteady pace, instantaneous velocity always changing

  • Eg. A car speeding up
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16
Q

What is Acceleration

A

Change in velocity with relation to time

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17
Q

What is The Units For Acceleration

A

m / s^2 or ms^-2

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18
Q

What is The Formula For Acceleration

A

a = (v - u) / t

v = final velocity ms^-1
u = initial velocity ms^-1
a = acceleration ms^-2
t = time s

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19
Q

What is a Force

A

Push or a pull that changes an objects motion or it’s shape

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20
Q

What Are Some Common Forces

A

Friction
Drag
Weight
Normal
Tension
Net Force

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21
Q

What is Friction

A

Force that resists the sliding or rolling of solid object over another

  • More mass = More friction
  • More surface area touching = More friction
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22
Q

What is Drag / Air Resistance

A

Friction between the air and an object

  • Friction between the trillions of particles in the air
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23
Q

What is Weight

A

Force acting on an object due to acceleration or gravity

Measured in Newtons

Object on the moon would have same mass (kg), but different weight (N), than on Earth

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24
Q

What is Normal Force

A

Force that supports the weight of an object on a surface

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25
Q

What is Tension

A

Force transmitted through a rope when pulled by forces acting on opposite sides

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26
Q

What is Net Force

A

Sum of forces acting on an object

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27
Q

What is Newton’s First Law

A

“Object remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity unless acted upon by a net external force”

Example:
- Ball rolling down a hill will continue to roll unless friction or another force stops it

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28
Q

What is Inertia

A

Object’s resistance to a change in motion

Object remains at rest or in uniform motion in same straight line unless acted upon by external force

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29
Q

What is an Explanation of Normal Force

A

Stationary object has force of gravity pulling it down

  • Doesn’t move because there is another force equal in magnitude in opposite direction
  • Since they both act on same object, the object has zero force
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30
Q

What is the Law of Inertia

A

Inertia keeps an object in existing state of motion
- Larger the mass of object, the more inertia it has, harder it will be to change its motion

  • Eg. If you are passenger in car, and not wearing seatbelt, if the car comes to a sudden stop, your body will continue moving forwards, hitting the seat infront of you
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31
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

“Acceleration of an object is directly related to the magnitude and direction of the force acting on the object, and inversely related to the mass of the object”

Heavy objects need greater force to move than lighter objects

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32
Q

What Happens if Object Experiences Unbalanced Net Force

A

If object experiences unbalanced net force, object will change speed, direction or both

If net force in same direction as object, it will speed up (Accelerate)

If net force in opposite direction as object, moving object will slow down (Decelerate) and stop

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33
Q

What is The Formula for Net Force

A

Net Force = Mass * Acceleration

If mass in kg, acceleration in ms^-2, net force will be in N

Force = Mass * Gravity

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34
Q

What is Freefall

A

Motion due to gravity on an object

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35
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A

“Every action has equal and opposite reaction”

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36
Q

What are Action-Reaction Pairs

A

Where every action has equal and opposite reaction

Action-Reaction act on different objects
- Therefore can’t cancel eachother out

  • Eg. If you push someone with 30N force, you get pushed back with 30N force, they don’t cancel out
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37
Q

What are Examples of Action-Reaction Pairs

A

Walking
- When walking, push backward against the ground with your foot (Action), ground pushes your foot forward (Reaction)

Swimming
- You push water backwards using arms and legs (Action), water exerts equal and opposite force on body, propelling you forwards (Reaction)

Bouncing a Ball
- Exert force by pressing it down onto ground (Action), ground exerts equal and opposite force, causing ball to rebound upwards (Reaction)

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38
Q

What is Energy

A

Ability to do work

Many forms of Energy: Kinetic, Gravitational Potential, Chemical, Thermal, Nuclear, Electromagnetic, Sonic

39
Q

What Are The Two Types of Energy

A

1) Potential Energy

2) Kinetic Energy

40
Q

What is Potential Energy

A

Energy associated with an objects height above the ground

41
Q

What is The Formula For Potential Energy

A

Potential Energy = mass (kg) * gravity (9.8 ms^-2) * height (m)

42
Q

What is Kinetic Energy

A

Energy associated with movement of an object

43
Q

What is the Formula For Kinetic Energy

A

Kinetic Energy = 0.5 * mass (kg) * velocity^2 (ms^-1)

44
Q

What is ‘work’

A

Measure of the energy transferred to or from an object, is the change in energy
Force applied over a distance

45
Q

What is the Formula For Work

A

Work (J) = Force (N) * displacement (m)

Work = Final Energy - Initial Energy

46
Q

Energy Transfer vs Energy Transformation

A

Energy transfer is movement of energy from one location to another, stays in same form of energy

Energy transformation is when energy changes from one type to another

47
Q

What is the Conservation of Energy

A

“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only converted from one type of energy to another”

Total energy of a system is constance

48
Q

What Happens During Transformation of Energy

A

Some energy always transformed into form of waste energy during transformations

  • Common Types: Thermal, Sonic, Kinetic
49
Q

What is the Formula For Efficiency

A

(Total Useful Output / Total Input) * 100 (To convert to percentage)

50
Q

What is the Lithosphere

A

Outermost rocky layer of Earth

Made up of upper mantle and crust
- All rocks, minerals, molten magma found on Earth

Approximately 80km thick, very thin in comparison to Earth

Slowest of Earth’s systems to change

Crust of Earth made from magma (Molten rock)
- Is made up of uneven giant plates of rock, covering entire Earth, called Tectonic Plates

  • Plates float on semiliquid magma in upper mantle
51
Q

What is the Atmosphere

A

Layer of gases commonly called air

Is relatively thin compared to size of Earth

Most important gas for animals is Oxygen, making up 21% of atmosphere

Nitrogen makes up 78% of atmosphere

52
Q

What are Layers of Atmosphere

A

More dense at ground level, thins out as you go higher above

Air thins out, until relative emptiness of space

53
Q

What is Hydrosphere

A

Made up of all Earth’s water; Oceans & Lakes
- Also water in glaciers, soil and the air

Covers around 70% of Earth’s surface

Hydrosphere interacts with and is influenced by other spheres
- Eg. In atmosphere you can find water in three states: Liquid, Vapour, Solid

54
Q

What is Cryosphere

A

Part of hydrosphere that is made up of frozen water

Important in regulating climate on Earth

55
Q

What is Biosphere

A

Made up of all living things on Earth
-Includes plants, animals, bacteria

Great interdependence between different parts of living world

Earth is only planet in solar system able to support a biosphere

56
Q

What is Carbon Cycle

A

Path through Carbon is exchanged through Earth’s surface

57
Q

What is Carbon

A

Carbon is 4th most common element on Earth (After Hydrogen, Helium and Oxygen)

Can cycle through Land, Oceans, Atmosphere

Carbon sinks / Carbon reservoirs are feature of environment that absorbs / stores carbon

58
Q

What is the Biological / Physical Carbon Cycle

A

Short-Term cycle, occurs over days, weeks, months, years

Involves cycling of carbon through photosynthesis & respiration

59
Q

What is the Geological Carbon Cycle

A

Long-Term cycle, occurs over hundreds to millions of years

Carbon locked in rocks / sediments as fossil fuels (Carbon sinks)

60
Q

What is Respiration

A

From Biosphere to Atmosphere

Production of energy using Glucose (Sugar) & Oxygen

All organisms (Including animals, fungi, plants), undertakes respiration to live

61
Q

What is Decomposition

A

Biosphere to Atmosphere

Soil (Pedosphere), filled with dead material from plants & other organisms

Decomposers (Eg. Fungi, Bacteria) break down dead material in soil
- Releases carbon dioxide into air, soil, water

62
Q

What Are the Processes of Carbon Cycle

A

Respiration
Decomposition
Photosynthesis
Fossilisation
Combustion

63
Q

What is Photosynthesis

A

Atmosphere to Biosphere

Plants use energy from sun to make nutrients from Carbon Dioxide
- Makes forests significant carbon sinks

Carbon in form of Carbon Dioxide is converted to sugars during photosynthesis

64
Q

What is Fossilisation

A

Rocks (Eg. Limestone), fossil fuels (Eg. Coal, Oil), contain carbon from plants & animals that lived millions of years ago

  • When organisms died, slow geologic processes trapped their carbon and transformed it into natural resources
65
Q

What is Combustion

A

Reaction of Oxygen and combustible material
- Combustible material holds Carbon

66
Q

What is the Natural Greenhouse Effect

A

Natural greenhouse effect critical for maintaining life on Earth

  • Solar energy passes through atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface
  • Heat gradually leaves Earth’s surface and is radiated back to space
  • Some heat is trapped by gases in atmosphere
67
Q

Why is Natural Greenhouse Effect Important

A

If heat wasn’t trapped, temperature would drop to -100 degrees at night, rise to 80 degrees in the day

68
Q

What are the Major Greenhouse Gases

A

Carbon Dioxide

Water Vapour

Methane

Nitrous Oxides

69
Q

What are Carbon Sinks and Examples

A

Feature of environment that absorbs / stores carbon, keeping it from atmosphere

Forests / Plants: Take in large amounts of Carbon Dioxide through photosynthesis

Ocean: Contains dissolved Carbon Dioxide, in shells of marine organisms

Fossil Fuels:Contains carbon from plants & animals that lived millions of years ago, carbon got trapped over time

Limestone: Contains carbon from plants & animals that lived millions of years ago, carbon got trapped over time

70
Q

How Do Oceans DistributeHeat Around Earth

A

Ocean currents act like a conveyer belt

  • Transports warm water and precipitation from equator towards the poles
  • Transports cold water and precipitation from the poles to the tropics
  • Regulates global climate, helping to counteract uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface
71
Q

What is Thermohaline Circulation For Deep Currents

A

Deep-Ocean currents driven by differences in water’s density, controlled by temperature (Thermo) and salinity (Haline)

  • Therefore thermohaline circulation
72
Q

What is the Process of Thermohaline Circulation For Deep Currenta

A

Earth’s polar regions, ocean water gets very cold

  • Surrounding seawater gets saltier as when sea ice forms, salt is left behind
  • When seawater gets saltier, it gets denser, causing it to sink
  • Surface water pulled in to replace sinking water, which becomes cold and salty enough to sink (Eventually)

–Initiates deep-ocean currents driving global conveyer bel

73
Q

What are Gyres For Surface Currents

A

Gyre is large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth’s rotation

74
Q

What are the 5 Major Gyres

A

North and South Pacific Subtropical Gyres

North and South Atlantic Subtropical Gyres

Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre.

75
Q

What is Climate Change Triggered By in Past

A

Changes triggered by changing configuration of continents and oceans, changes in Sun’s intensity, variations in orbit of Earth, volcanic eruptions

76
Q

What is the Ice Age

A

Where thick sheets of ice cover vast amount of areas

Colder global temperature than usual, bigger-than-usual glaciers and ice sheets

77
Q

What is the Inter-Glacial Period

A

Times without large ice sheets

Warmer global average temperature

We are currently in warm inter-glacial period, began about 11,000 years ago

78
Q

What is Permafrost

A

Permanently frozen ground
- Stores carbon from plant material which was frozen during Ice Age

Temperature of permafrost close to melting
- 2/3’s of Earth permafrost will disappear by 2200

If permafrost does melt
- Will release carbon into atmosphere, equates to half of fossil fuel emissions to date

79
Q

What is Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

A

Where extra greenhouse gases in atmosphere trap too much of Sun’s energy, means Earth slowly heats upq

80
Q

What is Increase in Earth’s Temperature Caused By (Naturally)

A

Solar Cycles

Sun’s Radiation

Volcanic Activity

Natural Fires

Lightning

By-Products of Animal Metabolism

81
Q

What is Force Behind Carbon Dioxide Emissions

A

Industrial Revolution was driving force

  • Increased reliance on machines
  • Explosive development of manufacturing sector spanning 80 years

Increase in factories caused growth in coal consumption, giving rise to high levels of air pollution

  • Greatest impact on environment was emission of Carbon Dioxide from combustion of coal
82
Q

What are Sources of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions

A

Landfills

Agricultural Activities

Wastewater Treatment

Industrial Processes

83
Q

Evidence of Global Warming - Atmospheric Temperature Change

A

Temperature went up significantly faster after the Industrial revolution, where around 100% of it was from man-made activities

From all the Carbon Dioxide emissions

84
Q

Evidence of Global Warming - Ocean Temperature Change

A

Increase in Carbon Dioxide concentration = Warmer waters
- More radiation re-emitted from atmosphere back to surface of Earth

85
Q

Evidence of Global Warming - Rising Sea Levels

A

Increase in global warming due to higher concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere = More melting of ice caps & glaciers

  • Results in increase in sea levels as more water is freed from glaciers, adding volume to sea
  • Results in less radiation being reflected from surface, more heat absorbed by Earth’s surface, leads to more melting, making a loop
86
Q

Evidence of Global Warming - Ice Cover

A

Increase in global temperature = Melting of glaciers & ice caps

Less radiation reflected from surface, more heat absorbed by Earth’s surface = More ice melting (Positive feedback loop)

87
Q

What are Fossil Fuel Types

A

Carbon Dioxide emissions from fossil fuels in 2012, reached 9.2 gigatons of carbon
- Increase of 58% compared to 1990 levels

Coal contributed 43% of emissions

Oil contributed 33% of emissions

Natural Gas contributed 18% of emissions

88
Q

Abiotic Factors - Temperature Changes

A

High levels of greenhouse gases in atmosphere increase surface temperature
- As more solar radiation is reflected back

89
Q

Abiotic Factors - Extreme Weather Events

A

Changes in Temperature, Rainfall Patterns, Sea Levels
- Lead to floors, fires, droughts

90
Q

Abiotic Factors - Melting Ice Caps

A

When ice melts, ability to reflect sun’s radiation reduced
- Leads to increase in global surface temperature

91
Q

Abiotic Factors - Thermohaline Circulation Disruption

A

Without movement of rain, air, marine life, new ice age will begin
- Such as North Atlantic Gulf Stream

92
Q
  • What is the role of the Aboriginal fire management regime in reducing GHG emissions
A
  • Use cool burning practices, deliberately lights low-intensity fires during specific seasons, fires burn at slower rate, consuming the undergrowth, and reducing risk of more intense & destructive wildfires
  • Cool burning helps to maintain biodiversity, by preventing dominance of certain plant species, promoting healthier ecosystem.
  • Fire management aims to protect carbon-rich landscape, like peatlands & dense forests, will help retain stored carbon in soil and vegetation
93
Q

Describe the effect of Ocean acidification on the Great Barrier Reef

A
  • Corals rely on calcification to build skeletons, ocean acidification reduces availability of carbonate ions in seawater, a key component for coral calcification
  • Weakens coral health, making corals more vulnerable to rising sea temperatures and pollution
  • Affecting health of corals can lead to decline in biodiversity, as some species struggle to adapt & survive

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