year 10 iology Flashcards
what are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
What are the components of nucleotides?
Phosphate, pentose, nitrogenous
What structure is DNA in?
DNA is arranged in a double helix
What components make the backbone?
Phosphate group and pentose sugar
What component makes up the “rungs”?
Nitrogenous bases
how many bases are there?
4
What is complementary base pairing?
A-T C-G
What is a gene?
sections of a chromosome code for a specific
What is the significance of a protein?
these proteins give us our traits.
How is this info organized?
The info is organized into units called genes.
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have and what is their total number?
23 pairs, 46 in total.
what does diploid mean?
A pair set of chromosomes in somatic cells.
what is a somatic cell?
Cells in the body except sex cells.
what are gametes?
reproduction or sex cells.
what does haploid mean?
the possession of one copy of each chromosome per cell, 46/2 = 23
what is an autosome?
Any chromosome not involved is sex determination.
What is a sex chromosome?
The chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex.
Females = XX Males = XY
what is an allele?
different versions/forms of a gene.
what is a dominant alleles?
these alleles will always be expressed when they’re present.
what is a recessive?
these alleles are expressed only when there are two recessive alleles.
what is a genotype?
The alleles that a person has.
what is a phenotype?
the trait that is seen.
what does homozygous mean?
two of the same alleles.
what does heterozygous mean?
one of each type of allele.
what is a pedigree?
a chart of the genetic history of a family over several generations.
what do the symbols mean?
female = circle
male = square
how do determine if the pedigree shows autosomal of X-linked disease?
Affected/have trait = colored shape
not affected/don’t have trait = not colored shape
deceased = line through shape
have to determine whether the disorder is dominant or recessive.
If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.
if the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous.
what are proteins?
they are large very complex molecules necessary for every living organism. Genetic traits rely on proteins.
what are proteins made up of?
amino acids.
how are proteins unique?
each protein has a specific function and shape.
how does DNA code for amino?
each three bases of DNA codes for a specific AA.
what does DNA stand for?
Deoxy nucleic acid
what is it made up of?
nucleotides
where is it found?
Nucleo
where are proteins created?
in ribosome
why do we need to convert DNA?
it’s too large to leave the nucleus
what is DNA converted to?
messenger RNA
what does RNA stand for?
ribose nucleic acid
what is the process to get DNA to MRNA
transcription and translation
what is the enzyme involved in?
RNA
What is the role of RNA?
to read and build DNA
