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year 10 eoy exam Flashcards

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1
Q

electricity: what is current measured in?

A

amps/amperes (A)

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2
Q

electricity: what is charge measured in?

A

coulombs (C)

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3
Q

electricity: what is energy and work measured in?

A

joules (J)

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4
Q

electricity: what is resistance measured in?

A

ohms (Ω)

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5
Q

electricity: what is time measured in?

A

seconds

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6
Q

electricity: what is voltage measured in?

A

volts (V)

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7
Q

electricity: what is power measured in?

A

watts (W)

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8
Q

what is insulation and how does it protect the user?

A

insulation is when the wires are covered in a insulating material and protects the user by preventing them touching the current-carrying wire, so it lowers the risk of electrocution

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9
Q

what is double insulation and how does it protect the user?

A

they have insulated wires and a non-metallic casing which acts as a second layer of protection. double insulated devices do not need to be earthed as the insulating casing cannot be electrified so there is less/no risk of electrocution for the user

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10
Q

what is earthing and how does it protect the user?

A

if an appliance with a metal casing has the live wire come into contact with the casing, it will be electrified and anyone who touches it could be electrocuted. an earth wire is an additional layer of protection in case this happens, as if the metal case gets electrified, the earth wire will provide a low resistance path to the earth, and it will get a surge of current, which means there will be a surge in current in the live wire too. the high current causes the fuse to melt and break and so the circuit is broken, so there is no more electricity going to the appliance, so there is no risk of electrocution

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11
Q

what is a fuse and how does it protect the device?

A

it is a safety device that is designed to break the circuit if the current becomes to high. it contains a thin wire which will melt if the current goes above a certain value, which isolates the appliance and prevents damage to the device. if the fuse melts, it has to be replaced

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12
Q

what is a circuit breaker and how does it protect the device?

A

a circuit breaker is designed to break the circuit if the current is too high. it has an push switch which is spring loaded. if the current is too high, the electromagnet will push the switch down by pulling the bolt of the switch (which holds the push switch in place). this will break the circuit, and so it isolates the appliance and prevents the risk of damage to the appliance. they are more reliable and sensitive than fuses, and do not to be replaced, only reset

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13
Q

why does a current in a resistor result in an increase of temperature?

A

the energy transfer is a result of electrons colliding with the lattice of atoms in the metal. the metal that the current is flowing through is made of a lattice of ions which are hit by the current of electrons flowing through. when the electron collides, it gives up some energy to the ions in the metal, which causes them to vibrate more and heat up

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14
Q

what are the uses of the increase of temperature in a resistor as the result of current?

A

it is used in electric heaters, electric hobs, electric ovens, toasters, kettles

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15
Q

what is the relationship between power, current, and voltage?

A

P=IV
power = current x voltage
(watt = amps x volts)

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16
Q

what is the relationship between energy transferred, current, voltage, and time?

A

E=IVt
energy transferred = current x voltage x time
(joules x amps x volts x seconds)

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17
Q

what is the difference between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)?

A

alternating current: current (or voltage) constantly changes direction continuously
direct current: current (or voltage) travels in one direction only

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18
Q

is electricity from mains supply AC or DC?

A

AC

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19
Q

is electricity from a cell or battery AC or DC?

A

DC

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20
Q

what are the advantages of a series circuit?

A
  • fewer wires (so it’s cheaper and easier to assemble)
  • uses less power
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21
Q

what are the advantages of a parallel circuit?

A
  • components (for example bulbs) may be switched on or off independently
  • if one component breaks, current can still flow through the other parts of the circuit
  • bulbs maintain a similar brightness
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22
Q

how does voltage affect current in a series circuit?

A

as voltage increases, so does current

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23
Q

how does the number of components in a series circuit affect current?

A

in general, the more components in a series circuit, the lower the current

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24
Q

what happens to the current when you change the resistance?

A

when resistance increases, current decreases

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25
Q

how does the resistance of an LDR vary with light intensity/illumination?

A

as illumination/light intensity increases, resistance decreases

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26
Q

how does the resistance of a thermistor vary with temperature?

A

as temperature increases, resistance decreases

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27
Q

what is one way to indicate the presence of a current in a circuit?

A

adding a bulb/LED into the circuit

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28
Q

what is the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance?

A

V=IR
voltage = current x resistance
(volts = amps x ohms)

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29
Q

what is current?

A

rate of flow of charge

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30
Q

what is the relationship between charge, current, and time?

A

Q=It
charge = current x time
(coulombs = amps x seconds)

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31
Q

what is electric current in solid metallic conductors?

A

the flow of negatively charged electrons

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32
Q

what does current do at a junction in parallel?

A

it splits and then comes back together when the paths meet again

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33
Q

what does voltage do in parallel?

A

it stays the same for each path

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34
Q

what does voltage do in a series?

A

it splits for each component

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35
Q

what does current do in a series?

A

it stays the same over each component

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36
Q

what is voltage?

A

energy transferred per unit charge passed

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37
Q

what is a volt?

A

a joule per coulomb

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38
Q

what is the relationship between energy transferred, charge, and voltage?

A

E=QV
energy transferred = charge x voltage
(Joules = coulomb x volts)

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39
Q

waves: what are angles measured in?

A

degrees

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40
Q

waves: what is frequency measured in?

A

hertz (Hz)

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41
Q

waves: what is distance measured in?

A

metres (m)

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42
Q

waves: what is speed measured in?

A

metres/second (m/s)

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43
Q

waves: what is time measured in?

A

seconds (s)

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44
Q

what is a longitudinal wave?

A

a wave that oscillates along the direction of travel

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45
Q

what is a transverse wave?

A

a wave that oscillates perpendicular to the direction of travel

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46
Q

what is the definition of amplitude?

A

the maximum displacement of a wave from its undisturbed position

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47
Q

what is the definition of a wave front?

A

it is an imaginary surface representing points of a wave that are at the same point in their cycle

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48
Q

what is the definition of frequency?

A

the number of waves passing a given point in a second

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49
Q

what is the definition of a wavelength?

A

the distance from a point on a wave to the same point on the adjacent wave (eg peak to peak, or trough to trough)

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50
Q

what is the definition of a time period?

A

the time it takes for one complete wave to pass a certain point

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51
Q

do waves transfer energy?

A

yes

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52
Q

do waves transfer matter?

A

no

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53
Q

do waves transfer information?

A

yes

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54
Q

what is the relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength?

A

v=fλ
wave speed = frequency x wavelength
(m/s = Hz x m)

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55
Q

what is the relationship between frequency and time period?

A

f=1/T
frequency = 1/time period
(Hz = 1/s)
they are inversely proportional

56
Q

what is the doppler effect?

A

as an object that makes noise moves towards you, the waves are compressed, so the frequency increases (the pitch increases)
as an object that makes noise moves away from you, the waves are stretched out, so the frequency decreases (the pitch decreases)

57
Q

can all waves be reflected and refracted?

A

yes

58
Q

are light waves transverse or longitudinal?

A

transverse

59
Q

what is the law of reflection?

A

the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection

60
Q

what is the method for investigating the refraction of light using different glass prisms?

A
  1. turn on the ray box and insert the slit slide so it only shows one line of light
  2. place the glass block onto the sheet of paper and draw around it
  3. angle the ray box so that the light enters the glass box
  4. mark the line entering the block with crosses
  5. mark the line leaving the block with crosses
  6. take off the block and with a protractor draw the normal line and connect the crosses to find the incident and emerging ray
  7. find the angle of incidence
  8. connect the entry and exit point of the light using a ruler
  9. measure the angle of refraction
  10. repeat for different angles of incidence and different shapes of glass
61
Q

what is the relationship between the refractive index, the angle of incidence, and the angle of refraction?

A

sin (i)
n = ———
sin (r)

62
Q

what is the refractive index?

A

the ratio of the speed of the wave in a vacuum to the speed of the wave in a given medium

63
Q

what is the method to find the refractive index of glass?

A
  1. place the glass block on a sheet of paper and draw around it
  2. remove the glass block and find the normal line of the glass block using a protractor
  3. draw lines with various angles from the normal as guides (eg. 20, 40, 60)
  4. shine the light from a ray box along the lines, and mark the light coming out of the box by drawing crosses and joining them up with a ruler (after moving the glass block
  5. connect the point where the light enters the glass block to where it goes out of the glass block and draw a normal for each of the emerging rays from the glass block
  6. measure all the angles of incidences and refractions and mark them down on the paper
  7. n=sin(i)/sin(r)
64
Q

how is total internal reflection used in optical fibres?

A

it is used to carry data. optical fibres are made of glass or plastic with an outer cladding that has a lower refractive index than the core, so the light will always hit at an angle higher than the critical angle

65
Q

what is the critical angle?

A

the angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90

66
Q

what is the relationship between the critical angle and the refractive index?

A

sin(c) = 1/n

67
Q

are sound waves longitudinal or transverse?

A

longitudinal

68
Q

what is the human hearing range?

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

69
Q

how do you measure the speed of sound in air?

A
  1. place two microphones at least one metre apart and measure the distance between them using a tape measure
  2. make a noise (eg hit a metal plate with a hammer) to one side of one of the microphones
  3. measure the time between the first microphone detecting the sound and the second microphone detecting the sound using an electronic timer
  4. repeat three times and take an average
  5. use the equation speed = distance/time to calculate the speed
70
Q

how do you measure the frequency of a sound wave using an oscilloscope?

A
  1. connect the microphone to the oscilloscope and make sure that waveforms are produced when sound is made, you might have to alter the settings to make sure the wave forms fill the screen
  2. make a noise using an instrument or by humming a note, and press the hold button on the oscilloscope so the waveform produced is frozen
  3. measure the distance between two peaks, then by referring to the time base, calculate the length of time between the two peaks (the time taken for one wave to be produced, aka the time period)
  4. use the equation f=1/t to find the frequency
71
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is mass measured in?

A

kg

72
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is energy measured in?

A

joules (J)

73
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is distance measured in?

A

meters (m)

74
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is speed measured in?

A

m/s

75
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is acceleration measured in?

A

m/s2

76
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is weight/force measured in?

A

newtons (N)

77
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is time measured in?

A

seconds (s)

78
Q

energy resources and transfers: what is power measured in?

A

watts (W)

79
Q

what are the eight energy stores?

A
  • chemical
  • kinetic
  • gravitational
  • elastic
  • thermal
  • magnetic
  • electrostatic
  • nuclear
80
Q

what are the four energy transfers?

A
  • mechanically
  • electrically
  • by heating
  • by radiation
80
Q

what is the principle of the conservation of energy?

A

energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred

81
Q

what is the relationship between work done (energy transferred), distance moved, and force?

A

W=Fd
work done = force x distance
(joules = newtons x meters)

82
Q

what is the relationship between gravitational potential energy, mass, gravitational field strength, and height?

A

GPE=mgh
gravitational potential energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height
(joules = kg x N/kg x metres)

83
Q

what is the relationship between kinetic energy, mass, and velocity?

A

KE=1/2mv2
kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity2
(joules = 1/2 x kg x m/s)

84
Q

what is power?

A

the rate of transfer of energy, or the rate of doing work

85
Q

what is the reationship between power, work done, and time?

A

P=W/t
power = work done / time
(watts = joules/seconds)

86
Q

magnetism and electromagnetism: what is current measured in?

A

amperes (A)

87
Q

magnetism and electromagnetism: what is voltage measured in?

A

volts (V)

88
Q

magnetism and electromagnetism: what is power measured in?

A

watts (W)

89
Q

what are the properties of magnetically hard materials?

A

they are hard to magnetise and demagnetise

90
Q

what are the properties of magnetically soft materials?

A

easy to magnetise and demagnetise

91
Q

what is an example of a magnetically soft material?

A

iron

92
Q

what is an example of a magnetically hard material?

A

steel

93
Q

what does an electric current in a conductor produce?

A

a magnetic field around it

94
Q

how do you make an electromagnet?

A

wrap wire around a magnetically soft core, eg iron

95
Q

what does the thumb represent in the right hand rule?

A

the direction of the current

96
Q

what do the fingers represent in the right hand rule?

A

the direction of the magnetic field

97
Q

is there a force on a charged particle in a magnetic field?

A

yes, except when it is moving parallel to the field

98
Q

what do the fingers in Fleming’s left hand rule represent?

A

thumb: force
index: magnetic field
middle: current

99
Q

what happens to the force in a wire when you increase the magnitude of current through it?

A

it increases

100
Q

what happens to the force on a wire when you increase the size of the magnet you are using?

A

it increases

101
Q

what happens to the force on a wire when you change the direction of the current?

A

it changes direction

102
Q

what happens to the force on a wire when you turn the magnet around?

A

it changes direction

103
Q

what is radioactivity measured in?

A

becquerels (Bq)

104
Q

what is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons

105
Q

what is the mass number?

A

the number of neutrons + protons (relative weight of nucleus)

106
Q

what is an isotope?

A

atoms of the same number of protons (so the same element) but different number of neutrons

107
Q

what kinds of ionising radiation is there?

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

108
Q

what is ionising power of alpha particles?

A

strong

109
Q

what are alpha particles stopped by?

A

paper or thin card

110
Q

what is alpha’s penetrative power?

A

weak

111
Q

what is the nature of alpha radiation?

A

alpha particles are 2 protons and 2 neutrons

112
Q

what happens to the mass number, atomic number, and the nucleus charge when a nucleus emits an alpha particle?

A

the mass number decreases by 4
the atomic number decreases by 2
the nucleus charge decreases by 2

113
Q

what is the ionising power of beta particles?

A

medium

114
Q

what are beta particles stopped by?

A

5mm of aluminium

115
Q

what is the penetrative power of beta particles?

A

moderate

116
Q

what is the nature of beta particles?

A

a neutron changes into a proton and a high energy electron; the proton stays in the nucleus, but the electron leaves as a beta particle

117
Q

what happens to the mass number, the atomic number, and the nucleus charge when a nucleus emits a beta particle?

A

the mass number stays the same
the atomic number increases by 1
the nucleus charge increases by 1

118
Q

what is the ionising power of gamma rays?

A

very weak

119
Q

what is the penetrative power of gamma rays?

A

very strong

120
Q

what is the nature of gamma rays?

A

they are a type of electromagnetic radiation

121
Q

what are gamma rays stopped by?

A

about 10cm of lead

122
Q

what can be used to detect radioactivity?

A

photographic film or Geiger-muller tubes

123
Q

what are some sources of background radiation?

A
  • cosmic rays
  • granite in rocks
  • radon in the air
  • medical equipment
  • food and drink
124
Q

what is the definition of a half-life?

A

the time it takes for radioactivity of a source to halve/time it takes for half the source to decay

125
Q

when does irradiation occur?

A

when an object is exposed to a source of radiation outside of the object

126
Q

does irradiation cause the object to become radioactive?

A

no

127
Q

when does contamination occur?

A

it occurs if the radioactive source is on or in the object

128
Q

does contamination cause the object to become radioactive?

A

yes, a contaminated object will be radioactive for as long as the source is in or on the object

129
Q

what is a moderator?

A
  • it is used to absorb the kinetic energy of the neutrons to slow them down
  • it is made out of graphite
  • slow neutrons are more easily absorbed by U-235 nuclei
130
Q

what is a control rod?

A
  • made of boron or cadmium
  • they are used to absorb and completely remove neutrons from the fission process
  • helps adjust the rate of nuclear fission
131
Q

what is the role of shielding around a reactor?

A
  • reactor vessel is made of steel and surrounded by a concrete layer about 5metres thick
  • this prevents radiation escaping
132
Q

what is the difference between fission and fusion?

A

fission: splitting a big nucleus into smaller nuclei
fusion: two smaller nuclei collide and combine to form one big nucleus

133
Q

what is nuclear fusion?

A

the creation of larger nuclei resulting in a loss of mass of the smaller nuclei, accompanied by energy

134
Q

what is the energy source for the stars?

A

fusion

135
Q

why is very high temperature and pressure needed in nuclear fusion?

A

to overcome the repulsive forces between the nuclei and force them together

physics (4 decks)

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