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Biology > Year 10 Biology > Flashcards

Year 10 Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

the maintaining of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

Define Negative Feedback

A

the correction for any deviation from a set or normal condition

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3
Q

Name the basic examples of homeostasis

A

temperature regulation, basic kidney function and blood glucose regulation

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4
Q

How is body temperature regulated?

A

Sweating, shivering, vasodilation, vasoconstriction.

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5
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

During vasodilation the blood vessels widen, which decreases blood pressure and cools you down when your blood moves more toward your skin and heat is lost by radiation.

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6
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

During vasoconstriction the blood vessels are more narrow, which increases blood pressure, warming your body as your blood moves more toward your core and you lose very little heat via radiation.

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7
Q

What happens when you sweat?

A

Sweat makes your skin feel cooler when it’s wet. And when it evaporates it removes some heat from your body.

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8
Q

What happens when you shiver?

A

Skeletal muscles begin to shake in small movements, creating warmth by expending energy.

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9
Q

Which gland maintains homeostasis and how?

A

The hypothalamus is the control center and it determines what the body does in response to different environments to maintain homeostasis. It does this by sending messages through nerve impulses to effectors.

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10
Q

What is the correct range for body temperature?

A

36.1 to 37.2 degrees

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11
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle or a gland

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12
Q

What does BMR stand for?

A

Base metabolic rate

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13
Q

What role does BMR play in temperature regulation?

A

When your too hot your BMR decreases meaning less heat is produced. When your too cold there is an increase in your BMR, producing more heat

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14
Q

What temperature does hypothermia start

A

35 degrees and below

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15
Q

What temperature does hyperthermia start

A

Above 40 degrees

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16
Q

What are the key functions of the kidney?

A

Maintain water and salt balance and excrete urea.

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17
Q

What is ultra-filtration?

A

The filtering of glucose, amino acids, water, urea and salt out of the blood stream into the Bowman’s capsule which is part of the nephron.

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18
Q

What is reabsorbtion

A

The re-absorption of glucose, amino acids, 80% of the water and 75% of the salt back into the blood stream through the proximal tubule which is also part of the nephron.

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19
Q

What is ADH?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

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20
Q

What does Anti-diuretic hormone do?

A

Reduces urine production

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21
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

The pituitary gland

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22
Q

When the body has excess water levels what happens in relation to ADH production?

A

Less ADH is produced in order to return the body to a normal water balance

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23
Q

When the body has depleted water levels what happens in relation to ADH production?

A

More ADH is produced in order to return the body to a normal water balance

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24
Q

What is the normal blood glucose level ?

A

90mg of glucose per 100mL of blood

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25
Q

Where do we get glucose from?

A

The carbohydrates in our food

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26
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are above 90mg per 100mL

A

The pancreas releases insulin into the blood stream

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27
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It increases glucose uptake by the liver, which in turn reduces blood glucose level

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28
Q

What does the glucose do inside the cell?

A

Turns into glycogen

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29
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are below 90mg per 100mL

A

The pancreas releases a hormone called glucagon

30
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Makes the liver turn some of its stored glycogen into glucose

31
Q

Define hypoglycaemia

A

Deficiency of glucose in the blood

32
Q

Define diabetes

A

The bodies incapability to produce or act upon instruction given by insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels

33
Q

What happens when the body comes into contact with a hot/cold stimuli

A

Temperature receptors send a signal to spinal cord which sends a signal back to a muscle to contract, all whilst the temperature receptors send a message of pain/cold/heat to the brai

34
Q

What can an effector be?

A

Muscle or gland

35
Q

What do muscles and glands do?

A

Contract and secrete

36
Q

What are the two types of neurons?

A

Sensory and motor

37
Q

Where is the cell body on a motor neuron?

A

End of neuron 0———-

38
Q

Where is the cell body on a sensory neuron?

A

Middle of cell >—-0—-<

39
Q

What are the parts of a sensory neuron?

A

Receptors, axon, cell body and nucleus, schwan cells and axon terminals

40
Q

What are the parts of a motor neuron?

A

Dendrites, cell body and nucleus, axon, myelin sheath and axon terminals

41
Q

What does a sensory neuron do?

A

Transmits impulses from receptors to the CNS

42
Q

What does a motor neuron do?

A

Transmits impulses from CNS to effectors

43
Q

What is the importance of a reflex action?

A

Prevents injury and enables you to rapidly jerk away your hand from something hot or sharp etc

44
Q

Describe a reflex arc

A

If you stand on something sharp, nerve impulses travel from the pain receptors in your foot to the spinal cord via the sensory neuron. The impulses then travel directly to the leg muscles via the motor neuron, causing the leg muscle to contract.

45
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Controls automatic actions such as heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

46
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

Gives sensation of feeling from eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin. Controls muscle movement along with memory and thinking

47
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinates muscles and balance for walking, running, cycling etc

48
Q

What are the 6 major glands

A

Thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pancreas, testes and ovaries

49
Q

What is the hormone produced by the thyroid

A

Thyroxine

50
Q

What is the hormone produced by the Adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline

51
Q

What is the hormone produced by the pituitary gland

A

ADH

52
Q

What is the hormone produced by the pancreas

A

Insulin and glucagon

53
Q

What is the hormone produced by the testes

A

Testosterone

54
Q

What is the hormone produced by the ovaries

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

55
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Regulates growth and metabolism

56
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

increase levels of activity

57
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Regulates water balance

58
Q

What does insilin do?

A

Reduce blood glucose levels

59
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Increase blood glucose levels

60
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Cell nucleus

61
Q

Which letters pair with “A”

A

T and U

62
Q

Which letter pair with “G”

A

C

63
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

64
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

To code for protein production

65
Q

What are the 2 phases of protein synthesis ?

A
  1. DNA is copied into mRNA

2. mRNA is converted into protein

66
Q

What can gene mutation cause?

A

Altered proteins or no proteins at all

67
Q

Define evolution

A

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time

68
Q

In order, what are the parts of a nephron

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

69
Q

Define phenotype

A

The word of trait

70
Q

Define genotype

A

The letters used to represent a trait

71
Q

Define homozygous

A

Having same alleles e.g AA

72
Q

Define heterozygous

A

Having different alleles e.g. Aa

Biology (1 decks)

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