Year 10 biology Flashcards
What is the building blocks of DNA?
DNA is made up of millions of monomers called nucleotide.
What does nucleotide consists of?
phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base.
What structure is DNA in?
DNA is arranged in a double helix.
What components make up the backbone
The phosphate and the sugar form the backbone.
What component makes up the DNA ladder called “rungs”?
The base form the “rungs”
How many nitrogenous bases are there?
There are four types of nitrogenous bases.
What are the four nitrogenous bases called?
Adenine,Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
What is complementary base pairing?
Complementary base pairing means each base will only bond with one other specific base.
What is a gene?
Genes are sections of a chromosome that code for a specific protein.
What is the significance of a protein?
The proteins give us traits.
Where is DNA found?
DNA is found in a nucleus.
How is the info organised?
The information is organised into units called genes, which are found on chromosomes.
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have and their total?
Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 in total.
What does diploid mean?
Diploid is a pair set of chromosome in somatic cells.
What is a somatic cell?
Somatic cells are cells in the body cells except sex cells. eg: skin and cheek cells.
What are gametes?
Gametes are the reproduction of sex cells (sperm/egg)
What does haploid mean?
Haploid is the possession of one copy of each chromosome per cell.
What is an autosome?
Any chromosome not involved in sex determination.
What is sex chromosome?
The chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex.
What is a karyotypes?
A karyotype is a visualisation of an individuals collection of chromosomes.
What is Karyotypes used for?
The karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.
What does homologous mean?
Chromosomes that are digitally arranged so that they are matched with their homologue or “partner” chromosome.
What is down syndrome?
Down syndrome is trisomy 21 meaning they have the copies of chromosomes.
What is turner’s syndrome?
Turner syndrome only has 1 copy of the x (monosomy x)
What are dominant alleles?
Alleles that will always be expressed when their present.
What is an alleles?
The different versions/forms of a gene are called alleles.
What is the klinefelter’s syndrome?
When an individual has an extra x chromosome (xxx male)
What are recessive alleles?
Alleles that are expressed only when there are two recessive alleles.
What is a genotypes?
The alleles that a person has. ex: Bb
What is a phenotype?
The trait that is seen. ex: brown eyes
What does homozygous mean?
The same (BB or bb)
What does hetrozygous mean?
Different (Bb)
What is a pedigree?
A pedigree is a chart of the genetics history of family over several generations.
What do the symbols mean
Female - circle Male - square
How do you denote the generations?
By roman numerals : IV, II
How do you determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal?
If the ratio between men and women is 50/50, then the disorder is autosomol.
How do you determine if the pedigree chart shows an x-linked?
If most of the males in the pedigree are affected, the disorder is x-linked.
How do you determine whether the disorder is dominant?
If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.
How do you determine whether the disorder is recessive?
If the disorder is recessive, neither parents has to have disorder because they can be heterozygous.
What are proteins?
They are large very complex molecules necessary for EVERY living organism (animals, plants, fungi and bacteria.
What does genetic traits rely on?
Genetic traits rely on proteins.
What are the building blocks of protein?
Amino acids
How are proteins unique?
Each protein has a specific function and a specific shape to enable it to perform that function.
How does DNA code for amino acid?
Each 3 bases of amino acids codes for a specific amino acid.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
When are proteins created?
proteins are created in Ribosomes.
Why do we need to convert DNA?
DNA is too large to leave the nucleus.
What is DNA converted to?
messenger RNA
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
Whats the process called to get DNA to RNA
Transcription
What is the role of RNA
RNA, primarily responsible for protein synthesis, carries genetic information and is translated by ribosomes into essential proteins, with three main types being mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
What is a genetic cross?
The mechanism to measure the probability of all the outcomes for a specific genetic cross.
What is a punnett square?
A square diagram used by biologists to predict the genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment.
What is translation?
The process by which MRna is ‘read’ to produce a strand of a protein chain.
What does TRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA
What is the role of transfer RNA?
To carry specific, individual amino acid.
Where does translation happen?
In the ribosome
What is a codon?
3 base pairs of a messenger RNA (triplet)
