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Science > Year 10 biology > Flashcards

Year 10 biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the building blocks of DNA?

A

DNA is made up of millions of monomers called nucleotide.

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2
Q

What does nucleotide consists of?

A

phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base.

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3
Q

What structure is DNA in?

A

DNA is arranged in a double helix.

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4
Q

What components make up the backbone

A

The phosphate and the sugar form the backbone.

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5
Q

What component makes up the DNA ladder called “rungs”?

A

The base form the “rungs”

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6
Q

How many nitrogenous bases are there?

A

There are four types of nitrogenous bases.

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7
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases called?

A

Adenine,Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine

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8
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

Complementary base pairing means each base will only bond with one other specific base.

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

Genes are sections of a chromosome that code for a specific protein.

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10
Q

What is the significance of a protein?

A

The proteins give us traits.

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11
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

DNA is found in a nucleus.

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12
Q

How is the info organised?

A

The information is organised into units called genes, which are found on chromosomes.

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13
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have and their total?

A

Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 in total.

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14
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Diploid is a pair set of chromosome in somatic cells.

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15
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Somatic cells are cells in the body cells except sex cells. eg: skin and cheek cells.

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16
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are the reproduction of sex cells (sperm/egg)

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17
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

Haploid is the possession of one copy of each chromosome per cell.

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18
Q

What is an autosome?

A

Any chromosome not involved in sex determination.

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19
Q

What is sex chromosome?

A

The chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex.

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20
Q

What is a karyotypes?

A

A karyotype is a visualisation of an individuals collection of chromosomes.

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21
Q

What is Karyotypes used for?

A

The karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.

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22
Q

What does homologous mean?

A

Chromosomes that are digitally arranged so that they are matched with their homologue or “partner” chromosome.

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23
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

Down syndrome is trisomy 21 meaning they have the copies of chromosomes.

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24
Q

What is turner’s syndrome?

A

Turner syndrome only has 1 copy of the x (monosomy x)

25
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Alleles that will always be expressed when their present.

25
Q

What is an alleles?

A

The different versions/forms of a gene are called alleles.

26
Q

What is the klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

When an individual has an extra x chromosome (xxx male)

27
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Alleles that are expressed only when there are two recessive alleles.

28
Q

What is a genotypes?

A

The alleles that a person has. ex: Bb

29
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The trait that is seen. ex: brown eyes

30
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

The same (BB or bb)

31
Q

What does hetrozygous mean?

A

Different (Bb)

32
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A pedigree is a chart of the genetics history of family over several generations.

33
Q

What do the symbols mean

A

Female - circle Male - square

34
Q

How do you denote the generations?

A

By roman numerals : IV, II

35
Q

How do you determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal?

A

If the ratio between men and women is 50/50, then the disorder is autosomol.

36
Q

How do you determine if the pedigree chart shows an x-linked?

A

If most of the males in the pedigree are affected, the disorder is x-linked.

37
Q

How do you determine whether the disorder is dominant?

A

If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.

38
Q

How do you determine whether the disorder is recessive?

A

If the disorder is recessive, neither parents has to have disorder because they can be heterozygous.

39
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are large very complex molecules necessary for EVERY living organism (animals, plants, fungi and bacteria.

40
Q

What does genetic traits rely on?

A

Genetic traits rely on proteins.

41
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino acids

42
Q

How are proteins unique?

A

Each protein has a specific function and a specific shape to enable it to perform that function.

43
Q

How does DNA code for amino acid?

A

Each 3 bases of amino acids codes for a specific amino acid.

44
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

45
Q

When are proteins created?

A

proteins are created in Ribosomes.

46
Q

Why do we need to convert DNA?

A

DNA is too large to leave the nucleus.

47
Q

What is DNA converted to?

A

messenger RNA

48
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

49
Q

Whats the process called to get DNA to RNA

A

Transcription

50
Q

What is the role of RNA

A

RNA, primarily responsible for protein synthesis, carries genetic information and is translated by ribosomes into essential proteins, with three main types being mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

51
Q

What is a genetic cross?

A

The mechanism to measure the probability of all the outcomes for a specific genetic cross.

52
Q

What is a punnett square?

A

A square diagram used by biologists to predict the genotypes of a specific cross or breeding experiment.

53
Q

What is translation?

A

The process by which MRna is ‘read’ to produce a strand of a protein chain.

54
Q

What does TRNA stand for?

A

Transfer RNA

55
Q

What is the role of transfer RNA?

A

To carry specific, individual amino acid.

56
Q

Where does translation happen?

A

In the ribosome

57
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 base pairs of a messenger RNA (triplet)

58
Q
A

Science (2 decks)

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