Year 10 Biology

Question 1

What are the building blocks of DNA

Answer 1

A modecule of DNA is made up of millions of tiny subunits called Nucleotides.(monomer) mono=1

Question 2

What are the components of nucleotide?

Answer 2

Each nucleotide consist of: 1. Phosphate group. 2. Pentose sugar 3. Nitrogenous base.

Question 3

What components form the DNA backbone?

Answer 3

The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule.

Question 4

What component form the rungs?

Answer 4

The nitrogenous bases form the “rungs”

Question 5

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?

Answer 5

Adenine (A),Thymine(T),Cytosine(C),Guanine(G)

Question 6

What is complementary base pairing?

Answer 6

Complementary base pairing is each base will only bond with one other specific base. A-T C-G

Question 7

Why does DNA have a double Helix?

Answer 7

These rules and components allow DNA to form a double Helix.

Question 8

Where is DNA located in the cell?

Answer 8

In the nucleus holds genetic information (DNA)

Question 9

How is DNA organised in the nucleus?

Answer 9

Organised into units called genes, genes are found on chromosomes. DNA-Genes-Chromosomes

Question 10

What is a Gene?

Answer 10

A segment of DNA that codes for particular protein: eg eye colour.

Question 11

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 11

23 pairs- 46 in total

Question 12

What does diploid mean?

Answer 12

A paired set of chromosomes in somatic cells.

Question 13

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 13

Cells of the body except sex cells.

Question 14

What are gametes?

Answer 14

Reproduction or sex cells (sperm/ovar)

Question 15

What does haploid mean?

Answer 15

The possession of one copy of each chromosomes in a cell (46/2 =23)

Question 16

What sex chromosomes do males and females have?

Answer 16

Females- XX
Males-XY

Question 17

What is a Autosome?

Answer 17

Any chromosomes not involved in sex determination.

Question 18

What is a sex chromosome?

Answer 18

The chromosomes that determine an individuals sex.

Question 19

What is a Karyotype?

Answer 19

A karyotype is the visualisation of an individuals of collection of chromosomes.

Question 20

What is the purpose of the Karyotype?

Answer 20

To look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.

Question 21

What is a homologous?

Answer 21

The same size, shape, and carry the same genes.

Question 22

Where do you get the matching pairs?

Answer 22

One of the pair from you Dad and one of the pair from your Mum.

Question 23

What is an Allele?

Answer 23

The different versions/forms of a gene are called Alleles eg- brown eyes/ green eyes

Question 24

What is the difference between a Gene and Allele?

Answer 24

Gene specifies trait, Allele specifies form gene takes.

Question 25

What are dominant Alleles?

Answer 25

These Alleles will always be expressed when they’re present.

Question 26

What are recessive Alleles?

Answer 26

These Alleles are expressed only when there are two recessive Alleles.

Question 27

What is a Genotype?

Answer 27

The Alleles that a person has example- Bb

Question 28

What is a Phenotype?

Answer 28

The trait that is seen example- brown eyes

Question 29

What does Homozygous mean?

Answer 29

The same BB or bb

Question 30

What does Heterozygous mean?

Answer 30

Different Bb

Question 31

What is a genetic cross?

Answer 31

It measures the probability of all outcomes for a specific genetic cross.

Question 32

What is a punnettt square?

Answer 32

It is a tool we use to do a cross.

Question 33

How to complete a punnett square?

Answer 33

1.Designate characters to represent alleles (e.g. A=dark red; a= light red)
2. Write the genotype and phenotype of the parents (e.g dark red cross: Aa x Aa)
3. Use a grid to work out gamete combinations (see steps shown below)
4. Write the genotype and phenotype ratios pf offspring ( 3 dark red : 1 light red)

Question 34

what is a pedigree chart?

Answer 34

It is a chart of the genetic history of family over several generations.

Question 35

How to determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal or X-linked disease?

Answer 35

If most of the males in the pedigree are affected the disorder in X- linked.

If its a 50/50 ratiop between men and women the disorder is autosomal.

Question 36

How to determine whether the disorder or traits is dominant or recessive?

Answer 36

If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.

If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous.

Left to right are oldest to youngest
Roman numerals are used for numbering generations.

Question 37

What are protein?

Answer 37

They are larger very complex molecules, necessary for EVERY living organism. “Genetic traits rely on proteins.”

Question 38

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 38

Amino Acids

Question 39

How are proteins unique?

Answer 39

Each protein has a specific function and specific shape enable it to perform that function.

Question 40

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 40

Deoxyribose Nuclic Acid

Question 41

How does DNA make for proteins?

Answer 41

Contain instructions on how to build proteins used in the body.

Question 42

Where is the protein made?

Answer 42

In Ribosome.

Question 43

Why do we need to convert DNA?

Answer 43

DNA molecules are to large.

Question 44

What is the difference between DNA an RNA?

Answer 44

DNA. RNA
sugar: deoxyribose Ribose
size: Double Single
base: A,T,G,G A,U,C,G

Question 45

What is a transcription?

Answer 45

The process by which DNA is “read” to produce a strand of mRNA

Question 46

What is a translation?

Answer 46

The process by which mRNA is ‘read’ to produce a strand protein chain.

Question 47

What tRNA stand for?

Answer 47

Another type of RNA is involved in this stage transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 48

What does tRNA carry?

Answer 48

individual ,anino, acids

Question 49

What does degenerate mean?

Answer 49

More than one codon for most amino acids. AUA, AUC or AUU= isoleucine