year 1 exam Flashcards
what is behaviourism?
the study of human behaviour
who developed the concepts of behaviourism?
researcher John.B Watson 91878-1958)
what was the book called that the behaviourist researcher wrote?
psychology from the standpoint of a behaviourist (1919)
what did the behaviourist researcher try to argue?
that the mind could not be studied because its unobservable-its workings cannot be seen, documented or analysed. According to Watson the only aspect of the mind that can be studied is an individual’s actual behaviour.
what is scientific methodology?
a rational method of investigation based on recording observable and measurable evidence.
what was the behaviourist researchers theory based off of?
-behaviourism is concerned with how environmental factors affect observable behaviour
-the focus of behaviourism is on learning. the interaction between stimulus and response is how learning occurs
-the ultimate aim of behaviourism is to be able to predict and control behaviour
-there is no fundamental difference between the behaviour of humans and animals
what are the two main ways that learning occurs based on the behaviourist theory?
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
learning by association
what is operant conditioning?
learning from the consequences of behaviour
what are environmental factors called?
stimulus
what are observable behaviours called?
responses
what is the principle of classical conditioning?
that a stimulus which wouldnt ordinarily produce a response in an individual comes to do so by being linked or paired with a stimulus which does provoke a response.
who was the main theorist who came up with the principle of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
what is an unconditioned response?
a behaviour we perform automatically
what is a conditioned stimulus?
an environmental factor that an organism can be taught to respond to in a certain way
what is a conditioned response?
behaviour an organism has learned to carry out in response to a conditioned stimulus
who created the work for operant conditioning?
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) and B.F Skinner (1904-90)
what did these two researchers do?
they built up the idea of positive and negative reinforcement.
what is positive reinforcement?
when the rate of a learned behaviour increases following the application of a conditioned stimulus
what is negative reinforcement?
when the rate of a learned behaviour decreases following the application of a conditioned stimulus
what does psychodynamic mean?
psyche means mind and psychodynamic theory views the mind as exerting a powerful influence on human behaviour in terms of an individual’s motivation and drives.
who developed the psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Frued (1856-1939), he used and developed psychoanalysis
what we the three levels of mind that this researcher suggested?
conscious, unconscious and preconscious
what is the conscious?
this is the part of the mind that is currentlt aware of itself.
what is the unconscious?
this is the most substantial part of the psyche. it contains emotional experiences, ideas and memories that are repressed, or hidden from view.
according to this researcher what does the unconscious try to do?
sometimes the unconscious part of the psyche tries to break through and express themselves through anxieties and dreams
what is the preconscious?
this is the short term memory storehouse for memories and thoughts
who created the humanistic approach and when did it arise?
it arose in the 1950s and 60s by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rodgers
what does the humanistic approach argue?
that individuals are responsible for choosing their own behaviour rather than simply responding to environmental or unconscious forces. so people have free will
what did Carl Rodgers suggest?
he suggested that people have 2 basic needs:the need for self-actualisation and the need for positive regard
what is free will?
the ability to choose ones actions free of external constraints
what is self-actualisastion?
the achievement of a person’s potential in life
what is positive regard?
the sense of acceptance or approval one person has for another
what were 3 aspects of personality?
id, ego and superego
what is the id?
this is present in an individual from birth and is made up of a persons basic needs and desires. this is the part of the personality that wants instant gratification-whatever it wants it must have immediately. he called this the pleasure principle.
what is the ego?
this is the part of the personality that deals with reality. If the id wants something immediately that its the egos job to satisfy that desire in a sociably acceptable manner. he called this the reality principle.
what is the super ego?
tries to supress the unacceptable urges of the id. the superego starts to develop around the age of 5. it holds our moral ideas of right and wrong that we develop from our parents and society. it is concerned with making a goof impression and obeying the rules. it also controls feelings such as guilt and remorse.
what is cognitive psychology?
it is concerned with the effect of an individuals mental processes, such as perception, attention, memory, decision making and language on their behaviour. it also considers how people think and learn.
what does cognitive psychology rely on?
scientific methodolgy and empirical results
what does cognitive mean?
relating to the mental processes by which a person can know, become aware of and make decisions about their self and their environment.
what does empirical mean/
knowledge gained from observation and experiment.
what are the 5 levels on Maslows Hierarchy of needs?
1.physiological
2.safety
3.love/belonging
4.esteem
5.self-actualisation
what is included in the first level of the hierarchy of needs?
breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion
what is included in the second level of the hierarchy of needs?
safety of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property
what is included in the third level of the hierarchy of needs?
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
what is included in the fourth level of the hierarchy of needs?
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect from others
what is included in the fifth level of the hierarchy of needs?
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
when was the hierarchy of needs published?
1943
what is the trait theory?
is an approach to the study of the human personality, behaviour must meet three criteria, it must be consistent, stable and vary from person to person. it was created so that individuals can predict behaviour based off of someones individual traits.
what is the situational theory?
learning is about interacting with the environment and making a permanent change in knowledge and behaviour that improves human performance.
when was the social learning theory proposed and by who?
in the 1960s by Albert Banduras
what was the basis of the social learning theory?
it recognised reinforcement and the importance of observing, modelling and imitating the emotional reactions, attitudes and behaviours of others in learning.
what three factors did the social learning theory outline were linked?
personal factors (cognitive affective, biological events), environmental factors and behaviour factors.
what is the type A personality?
they generally live at a higher stress level, driven by
-enjoy achievement of goals (more in difficult goals)
-find it difficult to stop (even when goals have been achieved)
-feel pressure
-highly competitive/hate failure
-pretty fit and well educated
what is the type B personality?
generally live at a lower stress level, typically:
-do not become stressed if goals arent achieved (enjoy achievements)
-do not mind losing (enjoy or backdown)
-may be more creative
-often reflective (think about outer and inner worlds)
who was the type a and type b personality theory developed by?
Meyer Friedman and Roy Rosenman
what is the Betari box theory?
this concept primarily works on the fact that all of us can select a particular attitude towards different people. on the other hand, this model suggests that we can do this consciously by selecting what attitude we want to display to each other. it is also known as the cycle of conflict.
what is the cycle of conflict?
my attitude affects my behaviour, which affects your attitude therefore affecting your behaviour.
who created the theory of fixed and growth mindsets?
Carol Dweck
what is a fixed mindset?
-avoid challenges
-give up easily
-threatened by others success
-desire to look smart
-effort is fruitless
-ignore feedback
-fixed abilities
what is a growth mindset?
-persevere in the face of failure
-effort is require developing new skills
-find inspiration in others success
-embrace challenges
-accept criticism
-desire to learn
-build abilities
what is a growth mindset?
-persevere in the face of failure
-effort is require developing new skills
-find inspiration in others success
-embrace challenges
-accept criticism
-desire to learn
-build abilities
what are the two types of obedience?
conscious and unconscious
what is conscious obedience?
when you are fully aware that you are following orders
what is unconscious obedience?
you have done it so many times that you are no longer aware you are doing it.
what is the relationship between compliance and obedience?
obedience is a type of social influence that involves performing an action under the orders of an authority figure, it differs from compliance which involves changing your behaviour at the request of another person.
what factors affect obedience?
-influences
-fear
-reward
-respect
define obedience
following an order or request.
define conformity
when an individual changes their behaviour because they are wanting to fit into a group.
define compliance
when an individual changed their behaviour because they are requested to do so.
define an authority figure
a person whose command over others inspires or demands respect.
what is the impact of obedient behaviour?
-extrinsic rewards-praise and respect, medals, extended leave, promotion, pay rise
-intrinsic rewards-pride, job satisfaction, team spirit/morale, trust
what are the consequences of disobedient behaviour?
-loss of rank
-suspension
-reduction in pay
-loss of job/dishonourable discharge
what is whistleblowing?
the process of questioning orders within the protective services.
when did Milgrim complete his obedience research?
in 1963
what was the Milgrim obedience experiment?
forty men aged 20-50 years were recruited and paid to attend the study, they weren’t told what it was or why they were there. each participant was paired with someone they didn’t know. they were asked to memorise a set of words and if they got it wrong they were given an electric shock by the participlant. no one was actually chocked but they acted as if they were.
what did the Milgrim experiment show?
65% of participants gave a shock wave of 450 volts (fatal) even after hearing the pain of the participant.
when was the burger experiment?
in 2009
what did burger find?
that people nowadays are more sympathetic and merciful than those in 1963.
when was hoflings hospital experiment?
in 1966
what were the outcomes of hoflings experiment?
22 nurses who were called by the doctor, 21 would have given the patient an overdose of the medicine.
when was the Stanford prison experiment?
in 1973
what is the necessity for rules and regulations?
-basic training
-rank structure
-to ensure procedures are standardised and consistent
-lawful orders are followed
-there is no abuse of authority
-people are treated with respect and without favour
-the service is not brought into disrepute.
why do orders need to be followed?
-to ensure complex and potentially dangerous situations are dealt with efficiently
-to ensure public confidence is maintained
-failure or refusal to follow an order undermines authority
-team cohesion
-if less efficient service to the public
-the Maintenace of social order
why do orders need to be followed?
-to ensure complex and potentially dangerous situations are dealt with efficiently
-to ensure public confidence is maintained
-failure or refusal to follow an order undermines authority
-team cohesion
-if less efficient service to the public
-the Maintenace of social order
what are the roles of discipline in the UPS?
-team spirit
-sense of pride
-efficiency
-performance
-camaraderie with your colleagues
-sense of duty and honour
-serving the public
-to ensure staff remain professional and loyal to each other, their service and the public
what is the nature of authority?
-ensure that an individual or organisation complies with reasonable and lawful requests
-organisational accountability across services
-position of authority via rank of status
-respect for people in authority
-ethical considerations
what are the different styles of authority?
authoritarian
dictatorial
consultative
participative
what is meant by authority and ethics?
-blind obedience
-managing moral dilemmas
-questioning of orders
-personal accountability across different services
When was Ivan Pavlov?
the 1890s
what did Ivan Pavlov do?
-he conducted studies into the digestive system of dogs
-He conditioned the dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell (by pairing the bell-new stimulus-and the food-the familiar stimulus-together)
what did Ivan Pavlov notice?
he noticed that the dogs would salivate when presented with food (also when they saw the white lab coat of the assistants who gave the food).
What did Burrhus Frederick Skinner believe?
he believed that all human behaviour was the direct result of conditioning.
when was Burrhus Frederick Skinner?
1948
what did Burrhus Frederick Skinner do?
he developed the Skinner box (used to test behaviour in rats)
-this was used to understand how long it would take the rat to learn a new behaviour, by pushing a lever they would receive a reward.
When was Albert Bandura?
1961
what did Albert Bandura base his theory on?
he based the social learning theory on the idea that individuals learn from others, imitating and modelling
what did Albert Bandura do?
-he showed a group of children a film of an adult hitting and shouting at a boohoo doll, they were later taken to a playroom, those that had seen the film were more likely treat the doll badly.
what did Albert Bandura believe?
that individuals learn through 2 processes: modelling and reinforcement
what does repression mean?
the desires of the id are pushed into the unconscious mind
what does denial mean?
the ids desires are acted on but the conscious mind refuses to recognise them.
what does prosecution mean?
the ids feelings are denied, and the super egos hostility is directed at other people doing what the id desires.
what activities show self-discipline and conformity?
-drill
-uniform Maintenace
-adhering to a team code
what features of self-discipline support conformity?
-punctuality and goof time management
-personnel appearance and presentation
-reliability and full attendance
-composure and positive attitude
-performing your duties to the best of your ability
-personnel conduct and behaviour
the benefits of appropriate self-discipline and their impact for individuals
through taking pride in your appearance, making good first impressions on people, remaining efficient and effective.
-remaining calm in difficult situations
-supporting morale of your colleagues and the public.
the benefits of appropriate self-discipline and their impact for an organisation
working effectively as a single unit
-maintaining the trust and confidence of the public.
what are the consequences of a lack/total loss of self-discipline on an individual?
-disciplinary procedures
-sanctions
-loss of respect
what are the consequences of a lack/total loss of self-discipline on an organisation?
-loss of credibility
-loss of public confidence
-restricting
-change in funding
-changes in regulation
what are some examples of external factors for potential stress?
-trauma
-change in personal circumstances
-violence, war and terrorism
-loss of family member, friend or colleague
what are some examples of internal factors for potential stress?
-personality
-thoughts
-memories
what are some pressures in life for potential stress?
-work and home responsibilities
-unforeseen events
-personal relationships
what are some previous experiences of stress?
-personality type
-social factors
-intelligence
what are some factors that contribute to stress?
-harassment
-discrimination
-abuse
-bullying
-forms of harassment, discrimination, abuse and bullying:
*Physical
*Psychological
*Cyber
what does GAS stand for?
general adaption syndrome
what are the stages of GAS?
1)alarm reaction
2)resistance stage
3)exhaustion stage
what are some psychological conditions arising from stress?
-anxiety
-social isolation
-depression
-suicide risk
what are some abnormal behaviours as a response to stress?
-phobias
-panic anxiety disorder
-post-traumatic stress disorder
what are some positive measures for coping with stress?
-removal of causes of stress
-psychological therapy
-reliance on social network
-coping strategies
what are some negative impacts for coping with stress?
-withdrawal and isolation
-self-medication with alcohol and drugs
-destructive behaviour
-aggressive behaviour
