year 1 exam Flashcards
what is behaviourism?
the study of human behaviour
who developed the concepts of behaviourism?
researcher John.B Watson 91878-1958)
what was the book called that the behaviourist researcher wrote?
psychology from the standpoint of a behaviourist (1919)
what did the behaviourist researcher try to argue?
that the mind could not be studied because its unobservable-its workings cannot be seen, documented or analysed. According to Watson the only aspect of the mind that can be studied is an individual’s actual behaviour.
what is scientific methodology?
a rational method of investigation based on recording observable and measurable evidence.
what was the behaviourist researchers theory based off of?
-behaviourism is concerned with how environmental factors affect observable behaviour
-the focus of behaviourism is on learning. the interaction between stimulus and response is how learning occurs
-the ultimate aim of behaviourism is to be able to predict and control behaviour
-there is no fundamental difference between the behaviour of humans and animals
what are the two main ways that learning occurs based on the behaviourist theory?
-classical conditioning
-operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
learning by association
what is operant conditioning?
learning from the consequences of behaviour
what are environmental factors called?
stimulus
what are observable behaviours called?
responses
what is the principle of classical conditioning?
that a stimulus which wouldnt ordinarily produce a response in an individual comes to do so by being linked or paired with a stimulus which does provoke a response.
who was the main theorist who came up with the principle of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
what is an unconditioned response?
a behaviour we perform automatically
what is a conditioned stimulus?
an environmental factor that an organism can be taught to respond to in a certain way
what is a conditioned response?
behaviour an organism has learned to carry out in response to a conditioned stimulus
who created the work for operant conditioning?
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) and B.F Skinner (1904-90)
what did these two researchers do?
they built up the idea of positive and negative reinforcement.
what is positive reinforcement?
when the rate of a learned behaviour increases following the application of a conditioned stimulus
what is negative reinforcement?
when the rate of a learned behaviour decreases following the application of a conditioned stimulus
what does psychodynamic mean?
psyche means mind and psychodynamic theory views the mind as exerting a powerful influence on human behaviour in terms of an individual’s motivation and drives.
who developed the psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Frued (1856-1939), he used and developed psychoanalysis
what we the three levels of mind that this researcher suggested?
conscious, unconscious and preconscious
what is the conscious?
this is the part of the mind that is currentlt aware of itself.
what is the unconscious?
this is the most substantial part of the psyche. it contains emotional experiences, ideas and memories that are repressed, or hidden from view.
according to this researcher what does the unconscious try to do?
sometimes the unconscious part of the psyche tries to break through and express themselves through anxieties and dreams
what is the preconscious?
this is the short term memory storehouse for memories and thoughts
who created the humanistic approach and when did it arise?
it arose in the 1950s and 60s by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rodgers
what does the humanistic approach argue?
that individuals are responsible for choosing their own behaviour rather than simply responding to environmental or unconscious forces. so people have free will
what did Carl Rodgers suggest?
he suggested that people have 2 basic needs:the need for self-actualisation and the need for positive regard
what is free will?
the ability to choose ones actions free of external constraints
what is self-actualisastion?
the achievement of a person’s potential in life
what is positive regard?
the sense of acceptance or approval one person has for another
what were 3 aspects of personality?
id, ego and superego
what is the id?
this is present in an individual from birth and is made up of a persons basic needs and desires. this is the part of the personality that wants instant gratification-whatever it wants it must have immediately. he called this the pleasure principle.
what is the ego?
this is the part of the personality that deals with reality. If the id wants something immediately that its the egos job to satisfy that desire in a sociably acceptable manner. he called this the reality principle.
what is the super ego?
tries to supress the unacceptable urges of the id. the superego starts to develop around the age of 5. it holds our moral ideas of right and wrong that we develop from our parents and society. it is concerned with making a goof impression and obeying the rules. it also controls feelings such as guilt and remorse.
what is cognitive psychology?
it is concerned with the effect of an individuals mental processes, such as perception, attention, memory, decision making and language on their behaviour. it also considers how people think and learn.
what does cognitive psychology rely on?
scientific methodolgy and empirical results
what does cognitive mean?
relating to the mental processes by which a person can know, become aware of and make decisions about their self and their environment.
what does empirical mean/
knowledge gained from observation and experiment.
what are the 5 levels on Maslows Hierarchy of needs?
1.physiological
2.safety
3.love/belonging
4.esteem
5.self-actualisation
what is included in the first level of the hierarchy of needs?
breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion
what is included in the second level of the hierarchy of needs?
safety of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property
what is included in the third level of the hierarchy of needs?
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
what is included in the fourth level of the hierarchy of needs?
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect from others
what is included in the fifth level of the hierarchy of needs?
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts