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Physics > Year 1 content > Flashcards

Year 1 content Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

What does random errors affect

A

precision

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2
Q

What does systematic error affects

A

accuracy

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3
Q

How are random errors mitigated (3)

A
  1. reduce % uncertainty
  2. take repeats
  3. higher resolution
  4. more resolution
  5. use data loggers
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4
Q

How are systematic errors mitigated (2)

A
  1. calibrate equipment
  2. check against known data values
  3. control environment
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5
Q

define parallax error

A

when a measurement is taken from the wrong point, due to viewing angle

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6
Q

Difference between repeatability and reproducibility

A

repeat - tester redoing it
reproduce - 3rd party

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7
Q

resolution for reading

A

1/2 of smallest division

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8
Q

resolution for measurement

A

1 smallest division

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9
Q

% uncertainty of set of data

A

1/2 of range

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10
Q

% uncertainty for gradiant

A

(best m - worst m)/best m

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11
Q

all SI units (7)

A
  1. metre
  2. kg
  3. sec
  4. mole
  5. amps
  6. candela
  7. K
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12
Q

Range of strong force

A

< 3 fm
repulsive under 0.5 fm

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13
Q

alpha decay eq.

A
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14
Q

how was anti-electron neutrino discovered

A
  1. consitution of energy suggest energy(before) != energy(after)
  2. suggest anotherb particle have been produced
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15
Q

annhilation and pair production diagram

A
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16
Q

what does E = mc^2 suggest

A

energy and mass are interchangable

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17
Q

app. of annihlation (1,4 steps)

A

PET scanner
1. positron is emitted
2. annihlates electron in body
3. photons are released
4. detected to form 3D image

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18
Q

exchange particle for strong force

A

gluon

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19
Q

exchange particle for weak force

A

W boson ( +/-)

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20
Q

exchnage particle for EM

A

photon

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21
Q

feymann diagram for beta-plus decay

A
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22
Q

feymann diagram for beta-minus decay

A
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23
Q

feymann diagram for **electron capture **

A
24
Q

feymann diagram for electron-proton collision

A
25
Q

Why threshold frq. cannot be explained by wave theory

A
  1. wave theory suggest photoelecton can be emitted under any frq.
  2. contradicts reality
  3. as only frq > frq 0 emits photo e-
26
Q

how particle theory backs threshold frq.

A
  1. each EM wave travel in packets called photon
  2. 1 electron absorbs 1 photon
  3. electron is only emitted when energy is greater than work func.
27
Q

Define stopping potential

A

pd needed across metal to stop photoelectron with max KE

28
Q

5 key points for flourescent lamp

A
  1. voltage acc. electron along the tube
  2. electron collides with Hg atoms - *excitation *
  3. Hg dexcites - releases UV
  4. flourescent coating absorbs UV photons - *excitation *
  5. coating dexcites - emitting visible light photons
29
Q

experiment that demonstrate particle properties of light

A

photoelectric effect

30
Q

de Brogile wavelength - electron diffraction

what happens when speed of electron increases

A
  1. wavelength decreases
  2. diffraction decreases
  3. closer ring
31
Q

4 general rules of particles

only stable baryon

A

proton

32
Q

4 general rules of particles

how are strange particles created / decayed

A
  1. produced in pair by strong
  2. decay via weak
33
Q

4 general rules of particles

what does muon decays into

A

electron (as from heavy electron)

34
Q

how to build mesons config.

A
  1. one particle + one anti-
  2. by charge
  3. only kaon have stangeness
35
Q

formation of stationary waves (5)

A
  1. foward wave emitted
  2. hits boundary - form reflected wave
  3. both conherent + constant phase difference
  4. anti-node - constructive interference - in phase
  5. node - destructive interference - anti-phase
36
Q

phase diff. - constructive

A

n λ

37
Q

phase diff. - destructive

A

(n+1/2) λ

38
Q
A
39
Q

apperance of white light diffraction

A
  1. white central maxima
  2. showing a range of colour
  3. with red furthest
  4. violet closest
40
Q

condition for TIR

A

1.going from denser to less dense
2.angle greater than critical angle

41
Q

what is cladding

A

surrounding core with optically less dense material

42
Q

define pulse broadening

A

causes an overlap of signal, loss of info

43
Q

define material dispersion

A

causes ray to travel in different angle and speed
[due to different wavelength]

solution: monochromatic light

44
Q

define modal dispersion

A

caused by ray entering at different angle, taking varying paths

solution : reduce diameter of core

45
Q

define plastic

A

does not return to orignial shape after deformation

46
Q

define brittle

A

little extension before frature under large force

47
Q

Kirchoff’s 1st law

A

sum(flow in) = sum(flow out)

at junction

48
Q

Kirchoff’s 2nd law

A

emf = sum of voltage consumed

49
Q

potential divider eq.

A

key info:

current is same in series ( I1 =I2)
v(R2) = Vout

50
Q

properties of ideal voltmeter and amnmeter

A

voltmeter - infinte resistance (short circuit)
amnmeter - no resistance (like wire)

51
Q

how does resistance change when temp increases:

[metal conductor]

A
  1. greater vibration of atoms
  2. more collision with electrons
  3. greater resistance
52
Q

how does resistance change when temp increases:

[ntc thermistor]

A
  1. more electrons emitted
  2. greater no. of charge carriers
  3. greater current
53
Q

3 app. of superconductivity

A
  1. power cable
  2. strong magnetic fields - maglev train , medical scanners
54
Q

Define resonance

A

amplitude increases significantly when applied force = natural frq.

55
Q

Difference between free and forced oscillation

A

Free
* no transfer of energy
* only internal forces
* always at resonance
Forced
* periodic force needed
* to replace energy loss
* WD on resistive forces

56
Q

Define critical damping

A

shortest time to return to rest without oscillation

Physics (3 decks)

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