Year 1 and 2 Flashcards
Operant Conditioning (theorist)
Skinner
Operant Conditioning
The use of reinforcement to ensure that the correct responses are repeated.
Characteristics of Operant Conditioning
Based on trial and error
Coach may manipulate the environment (reinforcement), which shapes behaviour
How does Operant Conditioning work
Success acts as a satisfier to strengthen link between stimulus and response ∵ likely to be repeated
Positive reinforcement
When a pleasant stimulus is given to increase the likelihood of correct responses occurring in the future (medal. praise)
Negative reinforcement
Promotes correct actions occurring to a stimulus by taking away an unpleasant stimulus when the performer does it right (withdrawing criticism)
Punishment
When a coach gives an unpleasant stimulus to prevent actions from happening again (red card, fines, dropped)
Observational learning (theorist)
Bandura
Observational learning
suggests that both un/acceptable behaviour can be learnt by copying others
Observational learning process
Attention - Retention - Motor production - Motivation
Attention
Making it clear what is the relevant cue
Observational learning example
A child knee sliding after a goal
Retention
the ability to remember the important information
Motor production
making sure the performer is physically able to copy the demonstration
in the early stages easy goals should be set and then slowly progressing
Motivation
the drive necessary to copy the demonstration, can be motivated through positive reinforcement
Conditions for observational learning
(likely to be copied if behaviours are)
performed by player of a similar ability
they are reinforced
they are powerful visually
they are consistent
they are relevant
Social development theory (theorist)
Vygotsky
Social development theory
interactions with others, mostly by influential others such as MKOs, shapes behaviour
Inter-psychological learning
Skills are learnt from the coach where the MKO gives back advice and feedback
Intra-psychological learning
once advice has been absorbed, learning happens intrinsically where the learner uses cognitive aspects to analyse and construct actions
Constructivism
you build upon what you already know
MKOs may help in the development of the skills
During the intra-psychological learning, the learning accesses their level and what steps are required in order to progress
Social development theory stages
What can I do alone
What can I do with help
What can I not do yet
Insight Learning (theorist)
Gestaltist
Insight learning
Existing knowledge is used to form an idea on how to tackle a situation
This is from their general sporting knowledge
If successful, the tactic will be used in the future in a similar manner.