Year 1

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increase in number of cells.

Question 2

Examples of hyperplasia

Answer 2

Endometrial lining, infected lymph nodes, liver regeneration.

Question 3

Occurrence of hyperplasia

Answer 3

In response to stimuli, so will regress if stimuli is withdrawn.

Question 4

Can hyperplasia become malignant?

Answer 4

Yes, carries low risk of neoplastic transformation due to growth becoming autonomous.

Question 5

Hypertrophy

Answer 5

Increase in cell size.

Question 6

Causes of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Answer 6

Hypertension, Aortic Stenosis, HOCM.

Question 7

Atrophy

Answer 7

Decrease in cell size and/or cell number

Question 8

Example of atrophy

Answer 8

Not using muscles for a long period of time.

Question 9

Occurrence of atrophy

Answer 9

Withdrawal of stimulus, and is hormonal or mechanical.

Question 10

Metaplasia

Answer 10

(Reversible) change of one mature cell type to another

Question 11

Examples of metaplasia

Answer 11

Barrett’s Oesophagus (stratified squamous to intestinal columnar)
Smoking (ciliated columnar to stratified squamous in lungs)

Question 12

Neoplasia

Answer 12

New cell growth, without stimulus.

Question 13

What can neoplasia be?

Answer 13

No malignant potential, Pre-malignant, Malignant

Question 14

No malignant potential example

Answer 14

Benign= squamous papilloma

Question 15

Dysplasia

Answer 15

Disordered cell growth

Question 16

Example of dysplasia

Answer 16

Squamous dysplasia (graded on severity)

Question 17

Carcinoma in-situ

Answer 17

Severe abnormality and closest to becoming full-blown malignancy.

Question 18

Malignancy

Answer 18

Cells able to undergo autonomous cell division with capacity to spread and invade other tissues.

Question 19

Signs of malignancy

Answer 19

High nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

Pleomorphism.