Year 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What age is emerging adulthood

A

18-25 year olds

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2
Q

Who theorised emerging adulthood

A

Jeffrey Arnett

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3
Q

What is characteristically emerging adulthood

A

people in developed countries
re-evaluation of parent-child relationship
debate between autonomy and independence

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4
Q

What results in end of emerging adulthood

A

Starting of own family

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5
Q

What is the attachment theory

A

early life experiences strongly influence later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathy

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6
Q

What did John bowl by theorise

A

secure vs insecure attachment

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7
Q

What does secure attachment result in

A

+ve self view
+ve self relation to others
Social competence
emotion regulation ability

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8
Q

Causes of insecure attachment

A

separation during childhood due to parental divorce or bereavement

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9
Q

When is pre-attachment stage

A

0-2 months

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10
Q

When is attachment-in-the-making stage

A

2-7 months

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11
Q

When is the clear-cut attachment stage

A

7-24 months

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12
Q

When is the goal-corrected partner ship

A

24+ months

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13
Q

When does stranger anxiety happen

A

around 10 months

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14
Q

When does separation distress happen

A

around 12 months

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15
Q

What does it mean if the child does not display the attachment stages when expected

A

they are not securely attached

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16
Q

What is foetal learning

A

Learning in the womb

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17
Q

What is mirroring expression

A

When a baby copies mum’s facial expressions

A reciprocal response

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18
Q

What was Harlow and Harlow’s experiment

A

Monkey attachment experiment

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19
Q

What are four key points with young child attachment

A

Selective
Involve physical proximity seeking (hugging)
Provide comfort and security
Produce separation distress

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20
Q

What was Ainsworth’s experiment

A

The strange situation

A dance around separation distress and stranger anxiety

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21
Q

What is secure attachment in the strange situation

A

child stays close to mum, upset by her leaving, greets her positively

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22
Q

What is insecure avoidant attachment in the strange situation

A

avoids contact with mum and ok when left with stranger

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23
Q

What is insecure resistant attachment in the strange situation

A

Very upset by mum leaving, difficult to console upon return, both seeks comfort and resists

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24
Q

What is disorganised attachment in the strange situation

A

goes between all levels of attachment

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25
Q

What is the result of positive internal working model of child’s self and being loved

A

secure

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26
Q

What is the result of a child being rejected and unloved

A

insecure avoidant

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27
Q

What is the result of angry and confused parenting

A

insecure resistant

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28
Q

Is attachment status fixed

A

NO

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29
Q

What is sex vs gender

A

Sex is biological and gender is cultural and learned

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30
Q

What are the stages of gender determination

A

prenatal hormones
genitalia development
parents determination of gender
gender identity

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31
Q

What is the most important prenatal hormone

A

testosterone

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32
Q

What are disorders of sexual development

A

reproductive or sexual anatomy not standard for female or male

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33
Q

What is social learning theory

A

rewards masculine behaviour and punishment for feminine behaviour, imitating males, results in male gender identity

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34
Q

what is Cognitive development theory

A

identify as male so result in showing masculine behaviours

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35
Q

What is gender stability and when is it understood

A

will always stay as same gender even as get older

around 4 y/o

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36
Q

What is gender constancy and when is it understood

A

boys don’t change into girls by just wearing a dress

around 4-5 y/o

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37
Q

What is gender identity and when is it understood

A

which person is a girl

around 2-3 y/o

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38
Q

Who shape gender roles

A

family, peers, school, media

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39
Q

What was Jean Piaget interested in

A

How children learn and think

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40
Q

What are Piaget’s stages

A

Sensorimotor birth-2 y/o
Pre-operational 2-7 y/o
Concrete operational 7-11 y/o
Formal operational 11 y/o +

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41
Q

Characteristic of sensorimotor stage

A

thinking by doing

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42
Q

When does object permanence happen

A

around 8 months

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43
Q

When does self recognition happen

A

around 18-24 months

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44
Q

What are schemas

A

theories about how the physical and social world operate

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45
Q

What is assimilation

A

understanding a new object

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46
Q

What is accommodation

A

modifying a schema

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47
Q

What are the characteristics of pre-operational thought

A

Centration

Egocentrism

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48
Q

What is centration

A

thinking of one idea at a time to the exclusion of others

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49
Q

What is egocentrism

A

self-centred view of the world with difficulties taking another’s perspective

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50
Q

What is operation

A

mental consideration of information in a logical manner

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51
Q

What is conservation

A

Understanding that amount is unrelated to appearance

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52
Q

What is concrete operational

A

reasoning based on things that are real and have happened

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53
Q

What is formal operational

A

Reasoning based on things which might happen in the future

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54
Q

How is IQ calculated

A

Mental age/ chronological age x 100

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55
Q

How is IQ tested

A

through standardised tests

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56
Q

Why are IQ tests used

A
identifying educational needs
neurological trauma
learning disability
cognitive impairment
predicting school and job performance
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57
Q

What is phonology

A

Phonemes (sounds)

sound system and rules to combine the sound units

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58
Q

What is syntax

A

combination rules for meaningful sentences

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59
Q

What are semantics

A

Morphemes (meanings)

express meaning of words and sentences

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60
Q

What are pragmatics

A

rules about language in each social context

61
Q

What is the pre-linguistic period

A

0-12 months
3 vocals: crying 3-4 weeks
cooing 3-5 weeks onwards
babbling and echolalia 3-4 months

62
Q

What is echolalia

A

sound repetition

63
Q

When does telegraphic speech happen and what is this

A

18-24 months

join words to make basic sentences

64
Q

When does understanding of complexity of language increase

A

around 2 y/o

65
Q

What is propositional thought

A

verbal language

66
Q

what is imaginal thought

A

visual imagery

67
Q

What is Skinner’s approach to language

A

Language is learned

68
Q

What is Chomsky’s approach to language

A

language acquisition device
Innate shared linguistic principles
biologically predestined

69
Q

What is expressive aphasia

A

damage to Broca’a area
speech is difficult
comprehension is unimpaired

70
Q

What is receptive aphasia

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area
speech is fluent
comprehension is impaired

71
Q

What are bottom-up processes

A

Sensory driven

Processes that organise incoming information

72
Q

What are top-down processes

A

Driven by knowledge

Determine perception in ambiguous settings

73
Q

What is gestalt or whole percept

A

organisational tendencies of system

Seeking meaningful groupings

74
Q

What did Huxley theorise

A

The doors of perception

75
Q

What was Rosenhan’s study

A

8 pseudo patients complained of a voice resulting in schizophrenia diagnosis but when admitted no longer were insane as perceived previously so study was to see how long would take to notice this which was an average of 19 days

76
Q

What are the altered states of consciousness?

A

Sleep
psychoactive drugs
Meditation
Hypnosis

77
Q

What is consciousness?

A

awareness of self and surroundings which operates on a continuum
Not a completely agreed definition

78
Q

What is the Hard Problem

A

By Chalmers

To explain how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience

79
Q

What is the internal model

A

Preexisting understanding of the world which is merely altered when looking rather than completely new information being seen

80
Q

What is the monkey business illusion

A

When people miss certain thing when focusing on a different part of the situation
Inattentional blindness

81
Q

What is subliminal perception

A

Stimuli below individuals threshold for conscious perception

82
Q

What do intentional operating processes do

A

search for mental contents to create the desired mental state
Effortful
Conscious
Interruptible

83
Q

What do ironic monitoring processes do

A

Search for mental contents that signal the failure of mental control
Automatic
Unconscious
Uninterruptible

84
Q

What are the psychoactive drug categories

A

Sedatives
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens

85
Q

What are the two types of meditation

A

Concentrative/ one-point

Open

86
Q

What are examples of concentrative meditation

A

repeated mantra
relaxation
movement such as tai chi

87
Q

What is open meditation

A

awareness of surroundings

mindfulness

88
Q

What is hypnosis

A

social interaction

89
Q

What was Hilgard’s experiment

A

The hidden observer

unconscious registering of things below hypnosis suppression

90
Q

What are hallucinations under hypnosis

A

positive: sees or hears something not present
negative: fails to perceive something
Post hypnotic suggestions

91
Q

What are the three stages of memory

A

Encoding: transforming
Storage: retention
Retrieval: recovery

92
Q

What is the short term memory store

A

Keeps visual and auditory information for a brief period of time
Working memory

93
Q

What are the three types of longterm memory

A

Episodic
Semantic
Procedural

94
Q

What is the serial position curve

A

Overall recall of information is high at start and end but low in the middle

95
Q

What is echoic memory

A

Phonological
Sound information
recency present
sound lingers

96
Q

What is iconic memory

A

Visual information
no recency effect
image fades quickly

97
Q

What is the digit span

A

limited capacity of 7 +/- 2 of numbers in sequence remembered

98
Q

What is chunking

A

recording new material into larger more meaningful units

99
Q

How is primacy improved

A

opportunity for rehearsal

100
Q

What is episodic memory

A

autobiographical

101
Q

What is semantic memory

A

knowledge about the world

102
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Skills-based

103
Q

What are ways of encoding information

A

Mnemonics

Visual imagery

104
Q

What is eidetic imagery

A

photographic memory

105
Q

What is synaesthesia

A

crossing sensory modalities

106
Q

What is the method of loci

A

Imagining a journey with information along the journey

Such as Sherlock’s memory palace

107
Q

What is hyperthymesia

A

superior autobiographical memory

108
Q

What is REM sleep

A

episodes of Rapid Eye Movement where we dream

Otherwise paralysed

109
Q

How many stages of sleep are there

A

A staircase of 4 stages

In an average of 90 minute cycle

110
Q

What is core sleep

A

First 5 hours
mostly deep sleep (stage 3 + 4 sleep)
some REM sleep

111
Q

What is optional sleep

A

next 2+ hours

mostly stage 1 and 2 sleep

112
Q

What is the Circadian rhythm

A

25 hours

113
Q

What is the mean sleep duration

A

7.75 hours

114
Q

How is sleep investigated

A

Subjective sleep quality diaries
Movements during sleep
EEG output
Dream content

115
Q

What is sleep latency

A

Time it takes to get to sleep after gone to bed

116
Q

What are characteristics of insomina

A

30% of population
secondary to another problem
delayed sleep onset/ disturbed sleep, early morning waking

117
Q

What is insomnia caused by

A

psychological problems
other medical disorders
alcohol and drug abuse

118
Q

How is insomnia treated

A

hypnotic drugs
sleep education
sleep hygiene
relaxation

119
Q

What is narcolepsy

A
0.02-0.05% of population
sleep attacks
cataplexy
sudden intrusion od REM sleep
waking dreams
120
Q

What is sleep paralysis

A
conscious 
eyes open
unable to move
hallucinations
REM sleep intrusion
121
Q

Who is Randy Gardner

A

Holds record of no sleep of 11 days

122
Q

When do parental responsibilities begin

A

mother from birth

father from birth (only if married at time in England)

123
Q

What is an authoritarian style of parenting

A

strict ideas about discipline and behaviour

Not open to discussion

124
Q

What is an authoritative style of parenting

A

strict ideas about discipline and behaviour that are explained and discussed with the child

125
Q

What is a permissive parenting style

A

relaxed ideas about discipline and behaviour

126
Q

What are Baumrind’s parenting styles

A

authoritarian
authoritative
permissive

127
Q

What were Maccoby and Martin’s parenting styles

A

Authoritative: demanding and responsive
Authoritarian: demanding and unresponsive
Permissive: undemanding and responsive
Uninvolved: Undemanding and unresponsive

128
Q

What is reasonable chastisement

A

The reasonable punishment of a child but not abusive behaviour

129
Q

What are the five key terms for maintaining discipline and behaviour

A
Be united
Be clear
Be consistent
Be flexible
Be loving
130
Q

How are dependent children defined

A

Age
Financial dependency
Under 25, unmarried and in full time education

131
Q

How do 2-4 year old play

A

solitary
parallel
group
(all in equal proportion)

132
Q

How do 5-6 year olds play

A

group play

sex segregation

133
Q

How do 12 + year olds play

A

Mixed sex group play

134
Q

What is sociometry

A

the study of social interactions

135
Q

What are the two types of associative learning

A

Classical

Operant

136
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

two stimuli are repeatedly paired
Pavlov’s dogs
Continuity needed

137
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

behavior is controlled by consequences

138
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

Remembers how the stimulus used to be paired

139
Q

What is latent inhibition

A

past learning experiences changing acquisition of new associations

140
Q

What is anticipatory nausea and vomiting

A

expectation of treatment where there were side effects experienced previously

141
Q

What is second order conditioning

A

Building the bricks back from the original stimulus

142
Q

What is generalisation

A

similar situation is likely to produce same response

143
Q

What is discrimination

A

a stimulus which is the exception from those like it

144
Q

What is the law of effect

A

behaviours that are followed by good things will occur more often

145
Q

What are types of reinforcers

A

primary: inherently reinforcing
Secondary: become reinforcing
Social consequences

146
Q

What does the term shaping mean?

A

+ve reinforcements of successive desired act

147
Q

What is the term chaining

A

complex behaviours broken into component parts
each stage +ve reinforced
reinforcer cues next stage in sequence

148
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Avoidance of aversive things