Year 1 Flashcards
What age is emerging adulthood
18-25 year olds
Who theorised emerging adulthood
Jeffrey Arnett
What is characteristically emerging adulthood
people in developed countries
re-evaluation of parent-child relationship
debate between autonomy and independence
What results in end of emerging adulthood
Starting of own family
What is the attachment theory
early life experiences strongly influence later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathy
What did John bowl by theorise
secure vs insecure attachment
What does secure attachment result in
+ve self view
+ve self relation to others
Social competence
emotion regulation ability
Causes of insecure attachment
separation during childhood due to parental divorce or bereavement
When is pre-attachment stage
0-2 months
When is attachment-in-the-making stage
2-7 months
When is the clear-cut attachment stage
7-24 months
When is the goal-corrected partner ship
24+ months
When does stranger anxiety happen
around 10 months
When does separation distress happen
around 12 months
What does it mean if the child does not display the attachment stages when expected
they are not securely attached
What is foetal learning
Learning in the womb
What is mirroring expression
When a baby copies mum’s facial expressions
A reciprocal response
What was Harlow and Harlow’s experiment
Monkey attachment experiment
What are four key points with young child attachment
Selective
Involve physical proximity seeking (hugging)
Provide comfort and security
Produce separation distress
What was Ainsworth’s experiment
The strange situation
A dance around separation distress and stranger anxiety
What is secure attachment in the strange situation
child stays close to mum, upset by her leaving, greets her positively
What is insecure avoidant attachment in the strange situation
avoids contact with mum and ok when left with stranger
What is insecure resistant attachment in the strange situation
Very upset by mum leaving, difficult to console upon return, both seeks comfort and resists
What is disorganised attachment in the strange situation
goes between all levels of attachment
What is the result of positive internal working model of child’s self and being loved
secure
What is the result of a child being rejected and unloved
insecure avoidant
What is the result of angry and confused parenting
insecure resistant
Is attachment status fixed
NO
What is sex vs gender
Sex is biological and gender is cultural and learned
What are the stages of gender determination
prenatal hormones
genitalia development
parents determination of gender
gender identity
What is the most important prenatal hormone
testosterone
What are disorders of sexual development
reproductive or sexual anatomy not standard for female or male
What is social learning theory
rewards masculine behaviour and punishment for feminine behaviour, imitating males, results in male gender identity
what is Cognitive development theory
identify as male so result in showing masculine behaviours
What is gender stability and when is it understood
will always stay as same gender even as get older
around 4 y/o
What is gender constancy and when is it understood
boys don’t change into girls by just wearing a dress
around 4-5 y/o
What is gender identity and when is it understood
which person is a girl
around 2-3 y/o
Who shape gender roles
family, peers, school, media
What was Jean Piaget interested in
How children learn and think
What are Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor birth-2 y/o
Pre-operational 2-7 y/o
Concrete operational 7-11 y/o
Formal operational 11 y/o +
Characteristic of sensorimotor stage
thinking by doing
When does object permanence happen
around 8 months
When does self recognition happen
around 18-24 months
What are schemas
theories about how the physical and social world operate
What is assimilation
understanding a new object
What is accommodation
modifying a schema
What are the characteristics of pre-operational thought
Centration
Egocentrism
What is centration
thinking of one idea at a time to the exclusion of others
What is egocentrism
self-centred view of the world with difficulties taking another’s perspective
What is operation
mental consideration of information in a logical manner
What is conservation
Understanding that amount is unrelated to appearance
What is concrete operational
reasoning based on things that are real and have happened
What is formal operational
Reasoning based on things which might happen in the future
How is IQ calculated
Mental age/ chronological age x 100
How is IQ tested
through standardised tests
Why are IQ tests used
identifying educational needs neurological trauma learning disability cognitive impairment predicting school and job performance
What is phonology
Phonemes (sounds)
sound system and rules to combine the sound units
What is syntax
combination rules for meaningful sentences
What are semantics
Morphemes (meanings)
express meaning of words and sentences