Year 1 Flashcards
What age is emerging adulthood
18-25 year olds
Who theorised emerging adulthood
Jeffrey Arnett
What is characteristically emerging adulthood
people in developed countries
re-evaluation of parent-child relationship
debate between autonomy and independence
What results in end of emerging adulthood
Starting of own family
What is the attachment theory
early life experiences strongly influence later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathy
What did John bowl by theorise
secure vs insecure attachment
What does secure attachment result in
+ve self view
+ve self relation to others
Social competence
emotion regulation ability
Causes of insecure attachment
separation during childhood due to parental divorce or bereavement
When is pre-attachment stage
0-2 months
When is attachment-in-the-making stage
2-7 months
When is the clear-cut attachment stage
7-24 months
When is the goal-corrected partner ship
24+ months
When does stranger anxiety happen
around 10 months
When does separation distress happen
around 12 months
What does it mean if the child does not display the attachment stages when expected
they are not securely attached
What is foetal learning
Learning in the womb
What is mirroring expression
When a baby copies mum’s facial expressions
A reciprocal response
What was Harlow and Harlow’s experiment
Monkey attachment experiment
What are four key points with young child attachment
Selective
Involve physical proximity seeking (hugging)
Provide comfort and security
Produce separation distress
What was Ainsworth’s experiment
The strange situation
A dance around separation distress and stranger anxiety
What is secure attachment in the strange situation
child stays close to mum, upset by her leaving, greets her positively
What is insecure avoidant attachment in the strange situation
avoids contact with mum and ok when left with stranger
What is insecure resistant attachment in the strange situation
Very upset by mum leaving, difficult to console upon return, both seeks comfort and resists
What is disorganised attachment in the strange situation
goes between all levels of attachment
What is the result of positive internal working model of child’s self and being loved
secure
What is the result of a child being rejected and unloved
insecure avoidant
What is the result of angry and confused parenting
insecure resistant
Is attachment status fixed
NO
What is sex vs gender
Sex is biological and gender is cultural and learned
What are the stages of gender determination
prenatal hormones
genitalia development
parents determination of gender
gender identity
What is the most important prenatal hormone
testosterone
What are disorders of sexual development
reproductive or sexual anatomy not standard for female or male
What is social learning theory
rewards masculine behaviour and punishment for feminine behaviour, imitating males, results in male gender identity
what is Cognitive development theory
identify as male so result in showing masculine behaviours
What is gender stability and when is it understood
will always stay as same gender even as get older
around 4 y/o
What is gender constancy and when is it understood
boys don’t change into girls by just wearing a dress
around 4-5 y/o
What is gender identity and when is it understood
which person is a girl
around 2-3 y/o
Who shape gender roles
family, peers, school, media
What was Jean Piaget interested in
How children learn and think
What are Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor birth-2 y/o
Pre-operational 2-7 y/o
Concrete operational 7-11 y/o
Formal operational 11 y/o +
Characteristic of sensorimotor stage
thinking by doing
When does object permanence happen
around 8 months
When does self recognition happen
around 18-24 months
What are schemas
theories about how the physical and social world operate
What is assimilation
understanding a new object
What is accommodation
modifying a schema
What are the characteristics of pre-operational thought
Centration
Egocentrism
What is centration
thinking of one idea at a time to the exclusion of others
What is egocentrism
self-centred view of the world with difficulties taking another’s perspective
What is operation
mental consideration of information in a logical manner
What is conservation
Understanding that amount is unrelated to appearance
What is concrete operational
reasoning based on things that are real and have happened
What is formal operational
Reasoning based on things which might happen in the future
How is IQ calculated
Mental age/ chronological age x 100
How is IQ tested
through standardised tests
Why are IQ tests used
identifying educational needs neurological trauma learning disability cognitive impairment predicting school and job performance
What is phonology
Phonemes (sounds)
sound system and rules to combine the sound units
What is syntax
combination rules for meaningful sentences
What are semantics
Morphemes (meanings)
express meaning of words and sentences
What are pragmatics
rules about language in each social context
What is the pre-linguistic period
0-12 months
3 vocals: crying 3-4 weeks
cooing 3-5 weeks onwards
babbling and echolalia 3-4 months
What is echolalia
sound repetition
When does telegraphic speech happen and what is this
18-24 months
join words to make basic sentences
When does understanding of complexity of language increase
around 2 y/o
What is propositional thought
verbal language
what is imaginal thought
visual imagery
What is Skinner’s approach to language
Language is learned
What is Chomsky’s approach to language
language acquisition device
Innate shared linguistic principles
biologically predestined
What is expressive aphasia
damage to Broca’a area
speech is difficult
comprehension is unimpaired
What is receptive aphasia
Damage to Wernicke’s area
speech is fluent
comprehension is impaired
What are bottom-up processes
Sensory driven
Processes that organise incoming information
What are top-down processes
Driven by knowledge
Determine perception in ambiguous settings
What is gestalt or whole percept
organisational tendencies of system
Seeking meaningful groupings
What did Huxley theorise
The doors of perception
What was Rosenhan’s study
8 pseudo patients complained of a voice resulting in schizophrenia diagnosis but when admitted no longer were insane as perceived previously so study was to see how long would take to notice this which was an average of 19 days
What are the altered states of consciousness?
Sleep
psychoactive drugs
Meditation
Hypnosis
What is consciousness?
awareness of self and surroundings which operates on a continuum
Not a completely agreed definition
What is the Hard Problem
By Chalmers
To explain how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience
What is the internal model
Preexisting understanding of the world which is merely altered when looking rather than completely new information being seen
What is the monkey business illusion
When people miss certain thing when focusing on a different part of the situation
Inattentional blindness
What is subliminal perception
Stimuli below individuals threshold for conscious perception
What do intentional operating processes do
search for mental contents to create the desired mental state
Effortful
Conscious
Interruptible
What do ironic monitoring processes do
Search for mental contents that signal the failure of mental control
Automatic
Unconscious
Uninterruptible
What are the psychoactive drug categories
Sedatives
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
What are the two types of meditation
Concentrative/ one-point
Open
What are examples of concentrative meditation
repeated mantra
relaxation
movement such as tai chi
What is open meditation
awareness of surroundings
mindfulness
What is hypnosis
social interaction
What was Hilgard’s experiment
The hidden observer
unconscious registering of things below hypnosis suppression
What are hallucinations under hypnosis
positive: sees or hears something not present
negative: fails to perceive something
Post hypnotic suggestions
What are the three stages of memory
Encoding: transforming
Storage: retention
Retrieval: recovery
What is the short term memory store
Keeps visual and auditory information for a brief period of time
Working memory
What are the three types of longterm memory
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
What is the serial position curve
Overall recall of information is high at start and end but low in the middle
What is echoic memory
Phonological
Sound information
recency present
sound lingers
What is iconic memory
Visual information
no recency effect
image fades quickly
What is the digit span
limited capacity of 7 +/- 2 of numbers in sequence remembered
What is chunking
recording new material into larger more meaningful units
How is primacy improved
opportunity for rehearsal
What is episodic memory
autobiographical
What is semantic memory
knowledge about the world
What is procedural memory
Skills-based
What are ways of encoding information
Mnemonics
Visual imagery
What is eidetic imagery
photographic memory
What is synaesthesia
crossing sensory modalities
What is the method of loci
Imagining a journey with information along the journey
Such as Sherlock’s memory palace
What is hyperthymesia
superior autobiographical memory
What is REM sleep
episodes of Rapid Eye Movement where we dream
Otherwise paralysed
How many stages of sleep are there
A staircase of 4 stages
In an average of 90 minute cycle
What is core sleep
First 5 hours
mostly deep sleep (stage 3 + 4 sleep)
some REM sleep
What is optional sleep
next 2+ hours
mostly stage 1 and 2 sleep
What is the Circadian rhythm
25 hours
What is the mean sleep duration
7.75 hours
How is sleep investigated
Subjective sleep quality diaries
Movements during sleep
EEG output
Dream content
What is sleep latency
Time it takes to get to sleep after gone to bed
What are characteristics of insomina
30% of population
secondary to another problem
delayed sleep onset/ disturbed sleep, early morning waking
What is insomnia caused by
psychological problems
other medical disorders
alcohol and drug abuse
How is insomnia treated
hypnotic drugs
sleep education
sleep hygiene
relaxation
What is narcolepsy
0.02-0.05% of population sleep attacks cataplexy sudden intrusion od REM sleep waking dreams
What is sleep paralysis
conscious eyes open unable to move hallucinations REM sleep intrusion
Who is Randy Gardner
Holds record of no sleep of 11 days
When do parental responsibilities begin
mother from birth
father from birth (only if married at time in England)
What is an authoritarian style of parenting
strict ideas about discipline and behaviour
Not open to discussion
What is an authoritative style of parenting
strict ideas about discipline and behaviour that are explained and discussed with the child
What is a permissive parenting style
relaxed ideas about discipline and behaviour
What are Baumrind’s parenting styles
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
What were Maccoby and Martin’s parenting styles
Authoritative: demanding and responsive
Authoritarian: demanding and unresponsive
Permissive: undemanding and responsive
Uninvolved: Undemanding and unresponsive
What is reasonable chastisement
The reasonable punishment of a child but not abusive behaviour
What are the five key terms for maintaining discipline and behaviour
Be united Be clear Be consistent Be flexible Be loving
How are dependent children defined
Age
Financial dependency
Under 25, unmarried and in full time education
How do 2-4 year old play
solitary
parallel
group
(all in equal proportion)
How do 5-6 year olds play
group play
sex segregation
How do 12 + year olds play
Mixed sex group play
What is sociometry
the study of social interactions
What are the two types of associative learning
Classical
Operant
What is classical conditioning
two stimuli are repeatedly paired
Pavlov’s dogs
Continuity needed
What is operant conditioning
behavior is controlled by consequences
What is spontaneous recovery
Remembers how the stimulus used to be paired
What is latent inhibition
past learning experiences changing acquisition of new associations
What is anticipatory nausea and vomiting
expectation of treatment where there were side effects experienced previously
What is second order conditioning
Building the bricks back from the original stimulus
What is generalisation
similar situation is likely to produce same response
What is discrimination
a stimulus which is the exception from those like it
What is the law of effect
behaviours that are followed by good things will occur more often
What are types of reinforcers
primary: inherently reinforcing
Secondary: become reinforcing
Social consequences
What does the term shaping mean?
+ve reinforcements of successive desired act
What is the term chaining
complex behaviours broken into component parts
each stage +ve reinforced
reinforcer cues next stage in sequence
What is negative reinforcement
Avoidance of aversive things
