Year 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What age is emerging adulthood
A
18-25 year olds
2
Q
Who theorised emerging adulthood
A
Jeffrey Arnett
3
Q
What is characteristically emerging adulthood
A
people in developed countries
re-evaluation of parent-child relationship
debate between autonomy and independence
4
Q
What results in end of emerging adulthood
A
Starting of own family
5
Q
What is the attachment theory
A
early life experiences strongly influence later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathy
6
Q
What did John bowl by theorise
A
secure vs insecure attachment
7
Q
What does secure attachment result in
A
+ve self view
+ve self relation to others
Social competence
emotion regulation ability
8
Q
Causes of insecure attachment
A
separation during childhood due to parental divorce or bereavement
9
Q
When is pre-attachment stage
A
0-2 months
10
Q
When is attachment-in-the-making stage
A
2-7 months
11
Q
When is the clear-cut attachment stage
A
7-24 months
12
Q
When is the goal-corrected partner ship
A
24+ months
13
Q
When does stranger anxiety happen
A
around 10 months
14
Q
When does separation distress happen
A
around 12 months
15
Q
What does it mean if the child does not display the attachment stages when expected
A
they are not securely attached
16
Q
What is foetal learning
A
Learning in the womb
17
Q
What is mirroring expression
A
When a baby copies mum’s facial expressions
A reciprocal response
18
Q
What was Harlow and Harlow’s experiment
A
Monkey attachment experiment
19
Q
What are four key points with young child attachment
A
Selective
Involve physical proximity seeking (hugging)
Provide comfort and security
Produce separation distress
20
Q
What was Ainsworth’s experiment
A
The strange situation
A dance around separation distress and stranger anxiety
21
Q
What is secure attachment in the strange situation
A
child stays close to mum, upset by her leaving, greets her positively
22
Q
What is insecure avoidant attachment in the strange situation
A
avoids contact with mum and ok when left with stranger
23
Q
What is insecure resistant attachment in the strange situation
A
Very upset by mum leaving, difficult to console upon return, both seeks comfort and resists
24
Q
What is disorganised attachment in the strange situation
A
goes between all levels of attachment
25
What is the result of positive internal working model of child's self and being loved
secure
26
What is the result of a child being rejected and unloved
insecure avoidant
27
What is the result of angry and confused parenting
insecure resistant
28
Is attachment status fixed
NO
29
What is sex vs gender
Sex is biological and gender is cultural and learned
30
What are the stages of gender determination
prenatal hormones
genitalia development
parents determination of gender
gender identity
31
What is the most important prenatal hormone
testosterone
32
What are disorders of sexual development
reproductive or sexual anatomy not standard for female or male
33
What is social learning theory
rewards masculine behaviour and punishment for feminine behaviour, imitating males, results in male gender identity
34
what is Cognitive development theory
identify as male so result in showing masculine behaviours
35
What is gender stability and when is it understood
will always stay as same gender even as get older
| around 4 y/o
36
What is gender constancy and when is it understood
boys don't change into girls by just wearing a dress
| around 4-5 y/o
37
What is gender identity and when is it understood
which person is a girl
| around 2-3 y/o
38
Who shape gender roles
family, peers, school, media
39
What was Jean Piaget interested in
How children learn and think
40
What are Piaget's stages
Sensorimotor birth-2 y/o
Pre-operational 2-7 y/o
Concrete operational 7-11 y/o
Formal operational 11 y/o +
41
Characteristic of sensorimotor stage
thinking by doing
42
When does object permanence happen
around 8 months
43
When does self recognition happen
around 18-24 months
44
What are schemas
theories about how the physical and social world operate
45
What is assimilation
understanding a new object
46
What is accommodation
modifying a schema
47
What are the characteristics of pre-operational thought
Centration
| Egocentrism
48
What is centration
thinking of one idea at a time to the exclusion of others
49
What is egocentrism
self-centred view of the world with difficulties taking another's perspective
50
What is operation
mental consideration of information in a logical manner
51
What is conservation
Understanding that amount is unrelated to appearance
52
What is concrete operational
reasoning based on things that are real and have happened
53
What is formal operational
Reasoning based on things which might happen in the future
54
How is IQ calculated
Mental age/ chronological age x 100
55
How is IQ tested
through standardised tests
56
Why are IQ tests used
```
identifying educational needs
neurological trauma
learning disability
cognitive impairment
predicting school and job performance
```
57
What is phonology
Phonemes (sounds)
| sound system and rules to combine the sound units
58
What is syntax
combination rules for meaningful sentences
59
What are semantics
Morphemes (meanings)
| express meaning of words and sentences
60
What are pragmatics
rules about language in each social context
61
What is the pre-linguistic period
0-12 months
3 vocals: crying 3-4 weeks
cooing 3-5 weeks onwards
babbling and echolalia 3-4 months
62
What is echolalia
sound repetition
63
When does telegraphic speech happen and what is this
18-24 months
| join words to make basic sentences
64
When does understanding of complexity of language increase
around 2 y/o
65
What is propositional thought
verbal language
66
what is imaginal thought
visual imagery
67
What is Skinner's approach to language
Language is learned
68
What is Chomsky's approach to language
language acquisition device
Innate shared linguistic principles
biologically predestined
69
What is expressive aphasia
damage to Broca'a area
speech is difficult
comprehension is unimpaired
70
What is receptive aphasia
Damage to Wernicke's area
speech is fluent
comprehension is impaired
71
What are bottom-up processes
Sensory driven
| Processes that organise incoming information
72
What are top-down processes
Driven by knowledge
| Determine perception in ambiguous settings
73
What is gestalt or whole percept
organisational tendencies of system
| Seeking meaningful groupings
74
What did Huxley theorise
The doors of perception
75
What was Rosenhan's study
8 pseudo patients complained of a voice resulting in schizophrenia diagnosis but when admitted no longer were insane as perceived previously so study was to see how long would take to notice this which was an average of 19 days
76
What are the altered states of consciousness?
Sleep
psychoactive drugs
Meditation
Hypnosis
77
What is consciousness?
awareness of self and surroundings which operates on a continuum
Not a completely agreed definition
78
What is the Hard Problem
By Chalmers
| To explain how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience
79
What is the internal model
Preexisting understanding of the world which is merely altered when looking rather than completely new information being seen
80
What is the monkey business illusion
When people miss certain thing when focusing on a different part of the situation
Inattentional blindness
81
What is subliminal perception
Stimuli below individuals threshold for conscious perception
82
What do intentional operating processes do
search for mental contents to create the desired mental state
Effortful
Conscious
Interruptible
83
What do ironic monitoring processes do
Search for mental contents that signal the failure of mental control
Automatic
Unconscious
Uninterruptible
84
What are the psychoactive drug categories
Sedatives
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
85
What are the two types of meditation
Concentrative/ one-point
| Open
86
What are examples of concentrative meditation
repeated mantra
relaxation
movement such as tai chi
87
What is open meditation
awareness of surroundings
| mindfulness
88
What is hypnosis
social interaction
89
What was Hilgard's experiment
The hidden observer
| unconscious registering of things below hypnosis suppression
90
What are hallucinations under hypnosis
positive: sees or hears something not present
negative: fails to perceive something
Post hypnotic suggestions
91
What are the three stages of memory
Encoding: transforming
Storage: retention
Retrieval: recovery
92
What is the short term memory store
Keeps visual and auditory information for a brief period of time
Working memory
93
What are the three types of longterm memory
Episodic
Semantic
Procedural
94
What is the serial position curve
Overall recall of information is high at start and end but low in the middle
95
What is echoic memory
Phonological
Sound information
recency present
sound lingers
96
What is iconic memory
Visual information
no recency effect
image fades quickly
97
What is the digit span
limited capacity of 7 +/- 2 of numbers in sequence remembered
98
What is chunking
recording new material into larger more meaningful units
99
How is primacy improved
opportunity for rehearsal
100
What is episodic memory
autobiographical
101
What is semantic memory
knowledge about the world
102
What is procedural memory
Skills-based
103
What are ways of encoding information
Mnemonics
| Visual imagery
104
What is eidetic imagery
photographic memory
105
What is synaesthesia
crossing sensory modalities
106
What is the method of loci
Imagining a journey with information along the journey
| Such as Sherlock's memory palace
107
What is hyperthymesia
superior autobiographical memory
108
What is REM sleep
episodes of Rapid Eye Movement where we dream
| Otherwise paralysed
109
How many stages of sleep are there
A staircase of 4 stages
| In an average of 90 minute cycle
110
What is core sleep
First 5 hours
mostly deep sleep (stage 3 + 4 sleep)
some REM sleep
111
What is optional sleep
next 2+ hours
| mostly stage 1 and 2 sleep
112
What is the Circadian rhythm
25 hours
113
What is the mean sleep duration
7.75 hours
114
How is sleep investigated
Subjective sleep quality diaries
Movements during sleep
EEG output
Dream content
115
What is sleep latency
Time it takes to get to sleep after gone to bed
116
What are characteristics of insomina
30% of population
secondary to another problem
delayed sleep onset/ disturbed sleep, early morning waking
117
What is insomnia caused by
psychological problems
other medical disorders
alcohol and drug abuse
118
How is insomnia treated
hypnotic drugs
sleep education
sleep hygiene
relaxation
119
What is narcolepsy
```
0.02-0.05% of population
sleep attacks
cataplexy
sudden intrusion od REM sleep
waking dreams
```
120
What is sleep paralysis
```
conscious
eyes open
unable to move
hallucinations
REM sleep intrusion
```
121
Who is Randy Gardner
Holds record of no sleep of 11 days
122
When do parental responsibilities begin
mother from birth
| father from birth (only if married at time in England)
123
What is an authoritarian style of parenting
strict ideas about discipline and behaviour
| Not open to discussion
124
What is an authoritative style of parenting
strict ideas about discipline and behaviour that are explained and discussed with the child
125
What is a permissive parenting style
relaxed ideas about discipline and behaviour
126
What are Baumrind's parenting styles
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
127
What were Maccoby and Martin's parenting styles
Authoritative: demanding and responsive
Authoritarian: demanding and unresponsive
Permissive: undemanding and responsive
Uninvolved: Undemanding and unresponsive
128
What is reasonable chastisement
The reasonable punishment of a child but not abusive behaviour
129
What are the five key terms for maintaining discipline and behaviour
```
Be united
Be clear
Be consistent
Be flexible
Be loving
```
130
How are dependent children defined
Age
Financial dependency
Under 25, unmarried and in full time education
131
How do 2-4 year old play
solitary
parallel
group
(all in equal proportion)
132
How do 5-6 year olds play
group play
| sex segregation
133
How do 12 + year olds play
Mixed sex group play
134
What is sociometry
the study of social interactions
135
What are the two types of associative learning
Classical
| Operant
136
What is classical conditioning
two stimuli are repeatedly paired
Pavlov's dogs
Continuity needed
137
What is operant conditioning
behavior is controlled by consequences
138
What is spontaneous recovery
Remembers how the stimulus used to be paired
139
What is latent inhibition
past learning experiences changing acquisition of new associations
140
What is anticipatory nausea and vomiting
expectation of treatment where there were side effects experienced previously
141
What is second order conditioning
Building the bricks back from the original stimulus
142
What is generalisation
similar situation is likely to produce same response
143
What is discrimination
a stimulus which is the exception from those like it
144
What is the law of effect
behaviours that are followed by good things will occur more often
145
What are types of reinforcers
primary: inherently reinforcing
Secondary: become reinforcing
Social consequences
146
What does the term shaping mean?
+ve reinforcements of successive desired act
147
What is the term chaining
complex behaviours broken into component parts
each stage +ve reinforced
reinforcer cues next stage in sequence
148
What is negative reinforcement
Avoidance of aversive things
