YE Flashcards
What is music?
Music is sound organized in time.” It can range from simple melodies to complex structures and involves rhythm, pitch, dynamics, and form.”
What are amplitude and frequency in music?
Amplitude measures loudness in decibels, while frequency refers to pitch, measured in Hertz (Hz).
What are sound waves in music?
Sound waves are made up of amplitude (loudness) and frequency (pitch).
What is the Sachs–Hornbostel classification of musical instruments?
It categorizes instruments based on sound production: chordophones, aerophones, membranophones, idiophones, and electrophones.
What are chordophones?
Instruments with vibrating strings, such as violins and guitars.
What are aerophones?
Instruments producing sound by vibrating columns of air, like flutes and trumpets.
What are membranophones?
Instruments that use a vibrating membrane, like drums.
What are idiophones?
Instruments where the body itself vibrates to produce sound, such as xylophones and bells.
What are electrophones?
Instruments generating sound electronically, like synthesizers.
What is pitch in music?
Pitch is the perceived frequency of a sound, determining if it is high or low.
What is rhythm in music?
The temporal arrangement of sounds and silences.
What is tempo?
The speed of music, measured in beats per minute (BPM).
What is meter in music?
The organization of beats into repeating groups, such as duple or triple.
What is syncopation?
Placing rhythmic emphasis on off–beats.
What is harmony?
The simultaneous combination of pitches, forming chords.
What is consonance?
Harmonies perceived as stable.
What is dissonance?
Harmonies perceived as tense.
What is melody?
A series of pitches arranged in sequence to form a tune.
What is musical texture?
How different melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic elements are combined.
What is monophony?
A single melody without harmony.
What is homophony?
A melody supported by harmonic accompaniment.
What is polyphony?
Multiple independent melodies played at the same time.
What is binary form in music?
A structure with two contrasting sections, labeled A–B.
What is ternary form?
A structure with three sections, labeled A–B–A, where the initial section returns.
What is rondo form?
A structure with a recurring main theme alternating with contrasting sections, labeled A–B–A–C–A.
What is theme and variations?
A structure where a theme is followed by varied repetitions.
What is a major scale?
A scale with whole and half steps in the pattern W–W–H–W–W–W–H, often bright sounding.
What is a minor scale?
A scale with the pattern W–H–W–W–H–W–W, often perceived as sad or dark.
What is the blues scale?
A scale that combines elements of both major and minor scales, using flattened notes for expressiveness, especially in jazz and blues.
Who are Allora & Calzadilla?
Artists who created Land Mark (Foot Prints),” protest art made during demonstrations against U.S. military exercises in Vieques, Puerto Rico.”
What is the message of Land Mark (Foot Prints)?
It symbolizes environmental footprints and the transient nature of protest through imprinted messages in the sand.
Who is Kent Monkman?
A Cree artist known for The Fourth World,” which re–contextualizes imagery of Western expansion and the romanticization of Native Americans in traditional landscape art.”
What themes does The Fourth World by Kent Monkman explore?
Colonialism, displacement, and cultural appropriation.
What is Bonnie Devine’s Battle for the Woodlands?
A work critiquing historical narratives of land ownership and Indigenous land destruction, overlaying colonial maps with images of displaced animals.
Who is Will Wilson?
A photographer who created Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds,” highlighting the ongoing damage from the Church Rock uranium spill in Navajo Nation.”
What message is conveyed by Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds?
It addresses exploitation of Indigenous lands and health consequences from the largest radioactive spill in U.S. history.
What is Agnes Denes’ Wheatfield—A Confrontation?
An art piece that challenges the urban–industrial divide by planting a wheat field in Manhattan, questioning food production in a globalized economy.
What environmental critique is made in Wheatfield—A Confrontation?
It critiques urbanization and environmental neglect.
Who is Noah Purifoy?
An artist known for Offshore Drilling,” which uses discarded materials to criticize environmental harm caused by oil drilling.”
What is the theme of Offshore Drilling by Noah Purifoy?
Environmental devastation due to oil drilling.
Who is Vik Muniz?
An artist who created Marat (Sebastião) from Pictures of Garbage,” using waste materials to depict marginalized populations impacted by industrial pollution.”
What is the theme of Marat (Sebastião) from Pictures of Garbage?
It symbolizes societal neglect of environmental responsibility.
What does Claude Debussy’s La Mer evoke?
The changing moods of the sea.
What does Bedřich Smetana’s The Moldau represent?
A tone poem tracing the path of a river.
What is Philip Glass’ Águas da Amazônia inspired by?
The Amazon River.
What is Florence Price’s Mississippi River Suite about?
It celebrates the life and beauty of the Mississippi River.
What does Michael Daugherty’s Reflections on the Mississippi depict?
A tuba concerto inspired by the reflective waters of the Mississippi River.
What are the movements of Ferde Grofé’s Grand Canyon Suite?
Sunrise, Painted Desert, On the Trail, Sunset, and Cloudburst.
What does On the Trail” in Grand Canyon Suite depict?”
A traveler’s journey down the Bright Angel Trail, complete with sounds of hoofbeats and folk–inspired tunes.
What was Grofé known for?
Portraying American landscapes in music, notably in his Grand Canyon Suite.
What does Wheatfield—A Confrontation by Agnes Denes challenge?
The urban–industrial divide by planting a wheat field in Manhattan.
What does Offshore Drilling by Noah Purifoy criticize?
Environmental devastation caused by oil drilling, using recycled materials.
What theme does Vik Muniz explore in Marat (Sebastião) from Pictures of Garbage?
The impact of industrial pollution on marginalized populations.
What natural theme does Beethoven’s Symphony No. 6 Pastoral” embrace?”
The beauty of rural life, with movements depicting bird songs, brooks, and thunderstorms.
What was significant about Disney’s Fantasia adaptation of Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony?
It visually interpreted the Thunderstorm” movement with animated storm scenes.”
What is programmatic music?
Instrumental music that tells a story or paints a picture, often inspired by nature, literature, or historical events.
What are character pieces in music?
Short instrumental works that depict a single character or mood.
What is rondo form?
A musical form where a theme returns repeatedly, alternating with different sections, labeled as A–B–A–C–A.
What is through–composed structure?
A structure where music is written without repeating sections, creating unpredictability and dynamism.
What is virtuosity in music?
A showcase of technical skill in a musician’s performance, often seen in cadenzas.
What are the five movements of Ferde Grofé’s Grand Canyon Suite?
Sunrise, Painted Desert, On the Trail, Sunset, and Cloudburst.
What does the movement “On the Trail” depict in Grofé’s Grand Canyon Suite?
It depicts a burro ride through the Grand Canyon, including sounds of a braying donkey and violin cadenzas.
What does Grofé’s “Cloudburst” represent in his Grand Canyon Suite?
It illustrates a thunderstorm, connecting to a tradition of storm music, like Vivaldi’s “Summer” and Beethoven’s “Pastoral Symphony.”
What is Beethoven’s Symphony No. 6 “Pastoral” known for?
It is a foundational work in programmatic music depicting nature, including a thunderstorm movement.
What is the fourth movement of Beethoven’s “Pastoral” Symphony?
Gewitter, Sturm” or “Thunderstorm,” creating a storm with techniques like tremolos, timpani rolls, and polyrhythms.”
How was Beethoven’s Pastoral” Symphony adapted in popular culture?”
The “Thunderstorm” movement was adapted in Disney’s Fantasia.
What is Toru Takemitsu’s Ame no ki (Rain Tree)?
A piece featuring three percussionists using Japanese sawari techniques to mimic the unpredictable sound of rain.
What does Nikolai Rimsky–Korsakov’s The Flight of the Bumblebee represent?
A musical depiction of a bumblebee’s rapid flight, using chromatic scales and rhythmic complexity.
What is Amy Beach’s Hermit Thrush at Morn based on?
Birdsongs transcriptions, blending natural elements into classical waltz structures.
What is an ostinato in music?
A repeating musical pattern that supports the primary melody.
What are cadenzas?
Solo sections in music designed to showcase a musician’s skill.
What is a glissando?
A sliding effect between two notes.
What are double–stops in music?
Playing two notes at once on a stringed instrument.
What is sforzando?
A sudden, strong accent on a note or chord.
What is eco–art?
An art movement focused on environmental concerns, aiming to raise awareness about pollution, land use, and conservation.
What is environmental documentation in art?
Photography and art depicting pollution, environmental disasters, and industrial impacts on ecosystems.
What is Agnes Denes’ Wheatfield—A Confrontation?
A two–acre wheat field in Manhattan, addressing issues of hunger, waste, economics, and ecology.
What issues does Wheatfield—A Confrontation by Agnes Denes address?
World hunger, waste, economic disparity, and ecological mismanagement.
What is the afterlife of Wheatfield—A Confrontation?
Wheat seeds from the harvest were distributed globally in “The International Art Show for the End of World Hunger.”
Who is Noah Purifoy, and what does his Offshore Drilling address?
Purifoy was an artist who used scrap metal to critique environmental racism and the impact of oil spills on marginalized communities.
Who is Subhankar Banerjee, and what is Caribou Migration I?
Banerjee is a photographer whose work depicts caribou migration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, aiding in debates to prevent oil drilling.
What impact did Subhankar Banerjee’s Caribou Migration I have?
It was cited in U.S. Senate debates, helping protect the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from drilling.
Who is Vik Muniz, and what is Marat (Sebastião) from Pictures of Garbage?
Muniz is an artist who recreates iconic paintings with garbage to explore recycling, waste, and inequality.
What themes are explored in Vik Muniz’s Marat (Sebastião)?
Recycling, waste, and social inequality.
