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Social approach > Yamamoto et al. > Flashcards

Yamamoto et al. Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of Mind

A

The capacity to understand the needs and intentions of others and respond in an appropriate way

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2
Q

Altruism (psych investigated)

A

Helping others with no benefit to oneself

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3
Q

Empathy

A

the ability to share someone’s emotional state by imagining what it would be like in that situation

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4
Q

Theft transfer

A

when the chimp tried to take the tool that they required by force

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5
Q

Prosocial behaviour

A

Any action that has the intention of helping others

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6
Q

Instrumental/ Targeted helping (psych investigated)

A

Help and care based on cognitive appreciation of the need or situation of others

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7
Q

Give an example of a direct request

A

An outstretched arm directed at the potential helper

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8
Q

Behaviour flexibility

A

when a conspecific gives the correct tool based on the situation

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9
Q

Aims (2)

A
  1. To test the ability and flexibility to help another chimp based on their specific need
  2. Whether chimpanzees will help a conspecific without specifically being asked
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10
Q

IV

A

three conditions
(can see, cannot see, can see)

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11
Q

Offer of a tool is operationalised how (2)

A
  • when a chimp help out a tool
  • did not matter if the recipient received the tool
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12
Q

IV operationalised how

A

by how transparent the glass is

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13
Q

DV

A

frequency of helping

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14
Q

DV operationalised how

A

percentage of trials in which the conspecific offered the right tool

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15
Q

Name of similar study

A

Savage and Rambaugh

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16
Q

Differences between SR and Yamamoto

A

cues
usefulness
apparatus

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17
Q

Explain difference in cues SR and Y

A

SR used symbols to communicate while Y used direct communication using verbal cues

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18
Q

Explain difference in usefulness SR and Y

A

Y brought more insight into the helping behaviour mechanism

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19
Q

Explain difference in apparatus SR and Y

A

Y allowed natural communication while SR gave them a symbol dictionary

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20
Q

Sampling technique

A

Opportunity

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21
Q

Method

A

Lab experiment, controlled observation

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22
Q

Design

A

Repeated measures

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23
Q

Details of participants (3)

A
  • Names were Ai Ayumu Pal Pan Cleo
    Chloe was removed
  • Each paired with kin/ mother
  • Had participated in previous similar research
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24
Q

Which participants were mothers

A

Ai, Pan

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25
Q

Ppts were housed where

A

Primate research institute

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26
Q

Ethics approved by (they also produced an ethical guide)

A

Animal Care committee of the Primate research institute of Kyoto University

27
Q

Chimps didn’t help unless there was a

A

direct request

28
Q

Apparatus (4)

A
  • experimental booths
  • with transparent/ opaque glass
  • hole cut in the middle of the glass
  • hole was for conspecifics to ask for tool
29
Q

Tray of how many tools

A

7

30
Q

Tools (2)

A

stick
straw

31
Q

Non-tool (2)

A

hose
brush

32
Q

Controls (3)

A
  • same tool familiarisation procedure
  • same training
  • random allocation to IV conditions
33
Q

How many trails in each condition

A

48

34
Q

Stick task

A

one chimp needed a stick to reach for juice in another booth which was out of reach without it

35
Q

Straw task

A

One chimp needed a straw to drink from a carton that was fixed to the wall

36
Q

Describe task (2)

A

A chimp had to select and transfer an appropriate tool to another chimpanzee

so he/she could solve a task and obtain a juice reward

37
Q

Summary of the procedures (5)

A
  • subjects select appropriate tool
  • from a random set of 7 objects
  • to transfer to a conspecific partner
  • confronted with differing tool-use situations
  • indicating they understood what their partner needed
38
Q

Upon request offer

A

the helper gave a tool to the chimp that requested it

39
Q

Voluntary offer

A

The helper gave a tool to the chimp without any request

40
Q

Result of first can see- offer of an object

A

90.8% of the time

41
Q

If they ask for specific ppt result

A

say they offered the correct tool more frequently than other tools

42
Q

In familiarisation phase, object offer

A

5% of the time

43
Q

Result of first can see- upon request

A

90% of trials

44
Q

Result of first can see- Pan (2)

A

offered brush 79.5% of the time
when brush removed, offered tool 88.6% of time

45
Q

Result of cannot see- offer of an object

A

95.8% of the time

46
Q

Result of cannot see- upon request

A

71.1% of the time

47
Q

Who were tested in second can see

A

Ai Cleo Pal

48
Q

Result of second can see- object offer

A

97.9% of the time

49
Q

Result of second can see- upon request

A

79.4%

50
Q

What influenced the results of the cannot see

A

Carryover effects where the tool was offered based on practice of previous tools

51
Q

What did Ayumu do in cannot see (4)

A
  • only individual
  • stood up and assessed partner’s situation
  • by peaking through hole 1m above ground
  • selecting appropriate tool
52
Q

Empirical evidence of targetted helping

A

All offered correct tool apart from Pan

53
Q

Conclusions (3)

A
  1. chimps can understand the needs of other chimps by applying flexible targeted helping
  2. when the helper can see their partner’s needs, they are more likely to select the correct tool (visual assessment is necessary)
  3. Chimps will offer help to conspecifics but it it must be direct and not spontaneous
54
Q

Ethics- numbers

A

the research team need to use the minimal amount of animals necessary
they used 5 chimp kin pairings

55
Q

Ethics- replacement

A

the research team should consider using footage from the wild or computer simulations

56
Q

Ethics- housing

A

the chimpanzees were socially housed at the Primate research institute at Kyoto University.

57
Q

Ethics- Deprivation

A

the research team should not withhold basic needs to test social behaviour

58
Q

Application for children (2)

A
  • could be useful for teachers as they can teach them about altruism by creating a similar task for children to complete
  • children can be taught about altruism. we can educate children to give help even when it is not asked for
59
Q

Explain why the study is from the social approach (3)

A
  • investigates interaction of two chimpanzees to solve a task and to see how their behaviour was influenced by the social context of being able to see each other
  • involves chimps interacting to gain a juice reward so behaviour was influenced by individuals around them
  • study is about chimps in a social context, that of providing targeted helping when requesting
60
Q

Strength of using animals (2)

A
  • can allow for greater controls to be used as the experimental booths/ tool box task cannot be performed on humans
  • can allow for comparison between humans and animals
61
Q

Weakness of using animals (1)

A
  • can’t be generalised to humans due to differences in anatomy
62
Q

Generalisable?

A

no, too small group and only came from Japanese research centre

63
Q

Valid? Yes

A
  • no individual differences because of repeated measures
  • strict controls ensured that it was testing what it said it would test

Social approach (4 decks)

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