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Standardized assesments > Y9 Chemistry mid-unit test > Flashcards

Y9 Chemistry mid-unit test Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made form only one type of atom.

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

Substances from atoms of different elements chemically bonded together. Can be separated by chemical means.

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3
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Substances from atoms of different elements mixed together (physically bonded together). Can be separated by physical means.

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4
Q

What is an atom?

A

Atoms are smallest part of an element. They are extremely small.

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5
Q

What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?

A
  • Protons
  • Electrons
  • Neutrons
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6
Q

What is a proton?

A

A positively charged particle located within the nucleus of an atom.

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7
Q

What is an electron?

A

A negatively charged particle located in the energy shells of an atom.

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8
Q

What is a neutron?

A

A neutral particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

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9
Q

Why do atoms have an overall neutral charge?

A

The positive charge of the protons is cancelled out by the negative charge of the electrons.

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10
Q

How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

Mass number - atomic number = no. of neutrons.

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11
Q

How do you calculate the number of electrons in an atom?

A

Atomic number = no. of electrons

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12
Q

How do you calculate the number of protons in an atom?

A

Atomic number = no. of protons

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13
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

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14
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

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15
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

Very small ( 1/1836)

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16
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

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17
Q

What is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

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18
Q

What is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

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19
Q

State the maximum amount of electrons the four energy shells of an atom can hold…

A

Shell 1: two electrons max.
Shell 2: eight electrons max.
Shell 3: eight electrons max.
Shell 4: two electrons max.

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20
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A group of atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. This means that they all have the same atomic number, but a different mass number.

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21
Q

What are the four main isotopes?

A

C (carbon), Cl (chlorine), Br (bromine), H (hydrogen)

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22
Q

What is relative abundance?

A

Relative abundance means that if we have 100 atoms about x% of the atoms will be of that specific isotope.

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23
Q

How do you calculate the relative atomic mass of isotopes?

A

((Mass number x relative abundance) + (mass number x relative abundance)) divided by 100

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24
Q

What is ion?

A

An ion is an atom or group of atoms with an overall charge of positive or negative.

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25
Q

Is an atom that gains electrons and loses protons negative or positive?

A

Negative.

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26
Q

Is an atom that gains protons and loses electrons positive or negative?

A

Positive.

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27
Q

When forming an ion, which element groups loose electrons?

A

Elements in groups 1, 2 and 3 loose electrons, forming a positive ion.

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28
Q

When forming an ion, which elements groups gain electrons?

A

Elements in group 5, 6 and 7 gain electrons, forming a negative ion.

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29
Q

What was the plum pudding model?

A

I’m 1897, J J Thompson created the plum pudding model after conducting many experiments. The plum pudding model is a sphere of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in.

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30
Q

How was the alpha particle scattering experiment conducted?

A

In 1909, Ernest Rutherford and his student Ernest Marsden, fired positively charged alpha particles at an extremely thin piece of gold sheet.

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31
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford conclude from his experiments?

A

While most particles went straight through the golden sheet, some were deflected. This made him doubt the plum pudding model and came up with his own model. A nucleus containing protons (positive charge) surrounded by a ‘cloud’ of electrons (negative charge).

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32
Q

How did Neils Bohr adapt Rutherford’s model?

A

Using theoretical calculations and observations, Bohr came to know that electrons were kept in energy shells orbiting the nucleus.

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33
Q

How did James Chadwick adapt Bohr’s model?

A

Around 20 years after scientists accepted that atoms have nuclei, James Chadwick provided further evidence for neutral particles in the nucleus. These particles were names neutrons.

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34
Q

Give three properties of a solid…

A
  • Fixed shape
  • Fixed volume
  • Cannot be squashed or compressed
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35
Q

Give three properties of a liquid…

A
  • No fixed shape
  • Fixed volume
  • Not rigid
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36
Q

Give three properties of a gas…

A
  • No fixed shape
  • No fixed volume
  • Not rigid
37
Q

What is the process of turning a gas into a liquid?

A

Condensation

38
Q

What is the process of turning a liquid into a solid?

A

Freezing

39
Q

What is the process of turning a solid into a liquid?

A

Melting

40
Q

What is the process of turning a liquid into a gas?

A

Boiling

41
Q

What is the process of turning a solid into a gas?

A

Sublimation

42
Q

What is the process of turning a gas into a solid?

A

Deposition

43
Q

What is the state symbol for a solid?

A

(s)

44
Q

What is the state symbol for a liquid?

A

(l)

45
Q

What is the state symbol for a gas?

A

(g)

46
Q

What is the state symbol for aqueous (dissolved in water)?

A

(aq)

47
Q

What are bulk properties?

A

Bulk properties are properties due to many atoms, ions or molecules acting together.

48
Q

What happens when an state of matter changes state?

A

The forces between the atoms weaken or strengthen.

49
Q

If a state of matter is below its melting point, it is…

A

Solid

50
Q

If a state of matter is below its boiling point, it is…

A

Liquid

50
Q

If a state of matter is above its boiling point, it is…

A

Gas

52
Q

What are three limitations of the particle model?

A
  • Particles are represented as solid spheres, when in reality they are often molecules or ions. They also have empty space.
  • Particle model does show forces in between particles.
  • Particle model does show movement.
53
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that dissolves in a solvent.

54
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid that a solute dissolves in.

55
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solute dissolved in a solvent.

56
Q

What is a compound?

A

Substances from atoms of different elements chemically bonded together. Can be separated by chemical means.

57
Q

What is soluble?

A

When a substance will dissolve in a solvent.

58
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Substances from atoms of different elements mixed together (physically bonded together). Can be separated by physical means.

59
Q

What is insoluble?

A

When a substance does not dissolve in a solvent.

60
Q

What is miscible?

A

Liquids that mix together. For example, water and ethanol.

61
Q

What is immiscible?

A

Liquids that do not mix together. For example, oil and water.

62
Q

How do you separate rock salt (a mixture of sand, salt and water)?

A
  1. Quaternary fill mixture with water.
  2. Grind mixture using a mortar and pestle.
  3. Filtrate mixture.This will separate salt water and sand.
  4. Evaporate remaining solution in an evaporating dish. The water will evaporate leaving salt crystals.
63
Q

What is filtration?

A

This method is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. For example, sand from water.

64
Q

How does filtration work?

A

The mixture is poured through a funnel containing a piece of filter paper. The liquid (called the filtrate) passes through the paper and the solid (called the residue) remains on the filter paper.

65
Q

What is evaporation?

A

This method is used to separate a dissolved solid from the solvent it is dissolved in. For example, salt from water.

66
Q

How does evaporation work?

A

The mixture is placed an evaporating dish and heated until all the solvent has evaporated or boiled, leaving the solid in the dish.

67
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

This method is used to separate a dissolved solid from the solvent it is dissolved in. For example, copper sulphate.

68
Q

How does crystallisation work?

A

A mixture is heated to boil of some of the solvent to create a hot saturated solution. A saturated solution is one which no more solute can dissolve at that temperature. As it cools down, the solute becomes less soluble. The solution can now be filtrated.

69
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

This method is used to separate the solvent from a solution. For example, pure water from sea water.

70
Q

How does simple distillation work?

A

The mixture is heated and the solvent boils. The vaporised solvent passes through a water-cooled condenser where is cools and condenses and gets gathered inside the conical flask.

71
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

This method is used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids. It works because each liquid has a different boiling point.

72
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A

Similar to simple distillation. There are usually glass beads in a long column. the whole mixture is vaporised and each liquid comes out into the test tube at different times, depending on their boiling point.

73
Q

What is a separating funnel?

A

This method is used to separate immiscible liquids.

74
Q

How does a separating funnel work?

A

Mixture is place in the separating funnel. As soon as the two liquids have been separated, you must close the tap.

75
Q

What is chromatography?

A

This method is used to separate mixtures of substances dissolved in a solvent.

76
Q

How does chromatography work?

A

The mixture is placed on chromatography paper upright in a beaker so that the bottom of the paper is in the solvent. The substances move up the paper at different speeds and so are separated.

77
Q

What is meant by the rate of reaction?

A

The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place. The rate of a chemical reaction can be found by measuring the quantity of a reactant used or the quantity of product formed over time.

78
Q

Give three signs that a chemical reaction has occurred…

A
  • Colour change
  • Smell
  • Effervescent
79
Q

What is the equation for the mean rate if reaction?

A

Quantity of reactant used / time taken

or

Quantity of product formed / time taken

82
Q

How can you use a tangent to work out the rate of reaction in a specific place?

A
  1. Select the time at which you want to measure and draw a line on the curve.
  2. Draw dotted lines from the highest point and lowest point of the tangent towards the y axis and subtract these two values.
  3. Draw a dotted line from highest point of tangent to the x axis.
  4. Change in y axis / change in x axis. You answer will be in cm^3 / s
83
Q

How can you measure change in volume in a reaction?

A

You can use an upside down test tube or a syringe.

84
Q

How can you measure the change in mass in a reaction?

A

You can use a balance to weigh the start and end of the reaction.

85
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

A

As temperature increases, particles move faster, increasing the frequency of collisions. Particles also have more energy, so more will have the required activation energy to react. High frequency of successful collisions between particles.

86
Q

How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

A more concentrated solution has more particles in the same volume of water. This will increase the frequency of successful collisions between particles.

87
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?

A

Smaller solids have a larger surface area to volume ratio. More solid particles are exposed to the surface to react with other particles in the solution. The frequency of successful collisions between particles will increase.

88
Q

How does the use of a catalyst affect the rate of reaction?

A

A catalyst speeds up the reaction without being used up. It provides an alternate route with a lower activation energy. More particles will have the activation energy, meaning more frequent successful collisions between particles.

89
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy, this is called activation energy.

90
Q

Do different reactions require different catalysts?

A

Yes. Different reactions require different catalysts.

Standardized assesments (2 decks)

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