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Y2 Revision > Y2S1 Anatomy > Flashcards

Y2S1 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Musculocutaneous

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2
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Biceps brachii

Brachialis

Coracobrachialis

(all have “brachi-“ in their name”

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3
Q

What is the muscle in the posterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Triceps brachii

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4
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

Radial

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5
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?

A

Deltoid

Teres minor

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6
Q

How many muscles are in each layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Superficial - 4

Intermediate - 1

Deep - 3

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7
Q

What are the superficial muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm (“the superficial flexors”)?

A

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Pass Fail Pass Fail

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8
Q

Which muscle lies in the intermediate compartment of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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9
Q

Which muscles lie in the deep compartment of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

Flexor pollicis longus

Pronator quadratus

Act to pronate the wrist and clench your fist

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10
Q

Which muscles of the anterior forearm are NOT innervated by the median nerve and are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

A

Medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

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11
Q

The median nerve innervates which hand muscles?

A

Thenar muscles (flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis)

Lateral two lumbricals of the hand

LOAF: Lateral Lumbricals, Abductor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Flexor pollicis brevis

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12
Q

The median nerve innervates the lateral lumbricals and the thenar muscles of the hand. Which nerve innervates the remainder of the hand muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

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13
Q

Which nerve innervates the forearm extensors?

A

Radial nerve (innervates all the muscles on the posterior side of the arm)

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14
Q

What are the superficial muscles in the posterior forearm?

A

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis

Extensor digitorum

Extensor digiti minimi

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Anconeus

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15
Q

What are the deep muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Supinator

Abductor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis longus and brevis

Extensor indicis

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16
Q

Which compartment of the lower limb does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Anterior thigh muscles - flexion of the hip and extension at the knee

Like you’re kicking a soccer ball

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17
Q

The obturator nerve innervates which compartment of the lower limb?

A

Medial compartment of the thigh - adductors

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18
Q

The sciatic nerve innervates which compartment of the lower limb?

A

Posterior thigh

Its branches innervate the leg and foot

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19
Q

Innervation to the leg and foot is provided by branches of which major nerve?

A

Sciatic

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20
Q

What are the two major branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular (peroneal) nerve - which branches to form the deep and superficial fibular nerves

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21
Q

Which compartments of the leg are innervated by the two major branches of the fibular nerve?

A

Superficial fibular - lateral compartment of the leg

Deep fibular - anterior compartment of the leg and foot muscles

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22
Q

Which compartment of the leg is innervated by the tibial nerve?

A

Posterior

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23
Q

Name 4 places where hyaline cartilage is found

A
  1. Nose
  2. Parts of the respiratory tract e.g. tracheal rings
  3. Ends of ribs
  4. Articular surfaces of bones

+ developing foetus, precursor to bone deposition

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24
Q

What type of collagen predominants in hyaline cartilage?

A

II

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25
Q

What type of collagen predominates in fibrocartilage?

A

I

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26
Q

What type of collagen predominates in elastic cartilage?

A

II (+ elastic fibres)

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27
Q

Name 3 places where fibrocartilage is found

A
  1. Intervertebral discs
  2. Pubic symphysis
  3. Articular discs of the sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints

+ menisci of the knee joint

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28
Q

List 4 places where elastic cartilage is found

A
  1. External ear
  2. Walls of the external auditory canal
  3. Eustachian tube
  4. Epiglottis

+ larynx

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29
Q

Which type of joint binds the teeth to bony teeth sockets?

A

Gomphoses (fibrous joint)

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30
Q

Which type of joint joins the bones of the skull?

A

Sutures (fibrous)

Only found in the skull

31
Q

A joint in which articulating bones are held closely together by dense, irregular connective tissue are classified as…

A

Fibrous joints

32
Q

Which components of synovial joints are invariably present?

A
  1. Fibrous capsule
  2. Synovial membrane and fluid
  3. Ligaments
  4. Articular cartilage
33
Q

Which type of cartilage forms the articular surface of synovial joints?

A

Hyaline

34
Q

Which type of synovial joint permits gliding movements?

A

Planar joints

E.g. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

35
Q

The elbow is which type of joint?

A

Hinge (synovial)

36
Q

The thumb is which type of joint?

A

Saddle (synovial)

37
Q

What is an example of a condyloid joint?

A

Wrist

38
Q

Which peripheral nerve wraps around the mid-shaft of the humerus?

A

Radial

39
Q

Damage to the medial epicondyle of the humerus will affect which nerve?

A

Ulnar

40
Q

Which nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

Axillary

41
Q

Which nerve is affected in a supracondylar fracture of the humerus?

A

Median nerve

42
Q

Posterior dislocation of the hip is most likely to affect which nerve?

A

Sciatic

43
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Subscapularis

44
Q

The lateral ventricles drain into the 3rd ventricle via the…

A

Interventricular foramen

45
Q

The 3rd ventricle drains into the 4th ventricle via the…

A

Cerebral aqueduct

46
Q

The 4th ventricle drains into subarachnoid spaces via which apertures?

A

Foramen of Magendie (x1 - medial)

Foramen of Lushka (x2 - lateral)

47
Q

Which structure produces CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

48
Q

Which structure drains CSF?

A

Arachnoid granulations

49
Q

Which major cerebral vessels are branches of the internal carotid arteries?

A

ACA

MCA

50
Q

Which major cerebral vessels are derived from the vertebral arteries?

A

Posterior cerebral

Cerebellar

Spinal

51
Q

Which arteries supply the inner ear?

A

Labyrinthine

(braches of the basillar)

52
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are not in the brainstem?

A

CN I

CN II

53
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are in the midbrain?

A

CN III

CN IV

54
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are in the pons?

A

CN V

CN VI

CN VII

CN VIII

55
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are in the medulla?

A

CN IX

CN X

CN XI

CN XII

56
Q

The olfactory nerve may be damaged by trauma to which bone of the skull?

A

Ethmoid (cribriform plate)

57
Q

What features are lost in a lesion to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

A

Reduced empathy, embarrassment and guilt

vmPFC is required for social emotions

58
Q

Which type of cells line the choroid plexus and aid CSF production?

A

Ependymal cells

59
Q

Which structures compose the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen + globus pallidus

60
Q

Which structures form the striatum of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate + putamen

61
Q

Which part of the substantia nigra is affected in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Pars compacta

62
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi of the midbrain?

A

Visual reflexes (spinotectal and tectospinal fibres)

63
Q

Name 3 functions of the reticular formation

A
  1. Consciousness
  2. Motor control
  3. Modulation of nociception

Respiratory and cardiovascular control, sleep

64
Q

What is the different between the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts?

A

Corticospinal tract forms the UMN of peripheral motor nerves (terminates in the spinal cord)

Corticobulbar tract forms the UMN of the motor cranial nerves (terminates in the brainstem)

65
Q

Which two tracts comprise the pyramidal tracts?

A
  1. Corticospinal
  2. Corticobulbar
66
Q

Which motor cranial nerves DO NOT have bilateral cortical connections?

A

Lower portion of the facial nerve

Hypoglossal nerve

67
Q

What is the function of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception afferents

68
Q

What is the difference between the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus?

A

Cuneatus - afferents from T6 and above

Gracilis - afferents from T7 and below

69
Q

Where does the dorsal column-medial lemniscus decussate?

A

Medulla oblongata

70
Q

What is the function of the spinothalamic tracts?

A

Crude touch, pressure, pain and temperature afferents

71
Q

Where do the spinothalamic tracts decussate?

A

Within the spinal cord at the level with which they enter it

72
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

Unconscious proprioception

73
Q

Where do the spinocerebellar tracts decussate?

A

They do not decussate but remain ipsilateral

Y2 Revision (7 decks)

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