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OLD Y13 Chem > Y13 Organic Reactions > Flashcards

Y13 Organic Reactions Flashcards

Cards to help you memorise the reaction map

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1
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alkane into carbon dioxide and water

A

Complete combustion
Excess oxygen (O2)
Heat and Spark

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2
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a haloalkane from an alkane

A

Reagent: Cl2, Br2
Condition: UV light

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3
Q

State the mechanism needed to make a haloalkane from an alkane

A

Radical Substitution

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4
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a haloalkane from an alkene

A

Reagent: HCl, HBr
Condition: Room temperature and shake

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5
Q

State the mechanism needed to make a haloalkane from an alkene

A

Electrophilic Addition

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6
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alkene from a haloalkane

A

Reagent: NaOH/KOH
Condition: Ethanolic (reflux)

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7
Q

State the mechanism needed to make an alkene from a haloalkane

A

Elimination

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8
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alkene from an alcohol

A

Reagent: Sulfuric Acid
Condition: hot concentrated

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9
Q

State the mechanism needed to make an alkene from an alcohol

A

Elimination

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10
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alcohol from a alkene in a single step

A

Reagent: Steam
Condition: Concentrated phosphoric acid

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11
Q

State the mechanism needed to make an alcohol from a alkene in a single step

A

Electrophilic Addition

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12
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alcohol by fermentation

A

Reagent: Glucose
Condition: Yeast, Anaerobic (no oxygen)

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13
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alcohol from a alkene in two steps

A

Reagent 1: Sulfuric Acid
Reagent 2: Water

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14
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alkyl hydrogen sulfate from a alkene

A

Reagent: Sulfuric Acid
Condition: None

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15
Q

State the mechanism needed to make an alkyl hydrogen sulfate from a alkene

A

Electrophilic Addition

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16
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alcohol from a alkyl hydrogen sulfate

A

Reagent: Water
Condition: None

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17
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a dihaloalkane from an alkene

A

Reagent: Cl2, Br2
Condition: Room temperature and shake

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18
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a nitrile from a haloalkane

A

Reagent: KCN
Condition: Aqueous and ethanolic

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19
Q

State the mechanism needed to make a nitrile from a haloalkane

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

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20
Q

What is observed when an alkene is added to bromine water

A

The solution turnes from orange to colourless

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21
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alcohol from a haloalkane

A

Reagent: NaOH/KOH
Condition: Aqueous (heat under reflux)

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22
Q

State the mechanism needed to make an alcohol from a haloalkane

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

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23
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a quaternary ammonium salt from a haloalkane

A

Reagent: NH3
Condition: Excess haloalkane
(ethanolic, heat and pressure)

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24
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a primary amine from a haloalkane in one step

A

Reagent: NH3
Condition: Excess
(ethanol, heat and pressure)

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25
Q

State the mechanism needed to make a primary amine from a haloalkane in one step

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

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26
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a primary amine from a nitrile

A

Reagent: Hydrogen
Condition: Nickel catalyst

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27
Q

State the type of reaction needed to make a primary amine from a nitrile

A

Reduction

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28
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a primary amine from a haloalkane in two steps

A

**First **
Reagent: KCN
Condition: Aqueous and Ethanolic
Second
Reagent: Hydrogen
Condition: Nickel Catalyst

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29
Q

What are quaternary ammonium salts used for?

A

Cationic surfactants (hair conditioner)

30
Q

What are methyl esters used for?

A

Biodiesel

31
Q

What are salts of long chain fatty acids used for?

A

Soap

32
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an aldehyde from an alcohol

A

Reagent: Primary alcohol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate (H2SO4/K2Cr2O7)
Condition: Distillation

33
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an alcohol from an aldehyde

A

Reagent: NaBH4
Condition: Acidic Solvent

34
Q

State the type of reaction needed to make an alcohol from an aldehyde

A

Reduction

35
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a hydroxy nitrile from an aldehyde

A

Reagent: KCN
Condition: (Aqueous and ethanolic) followed by dilute acid

36
Q

State the mechanism needed to make a hydroxy nitrile from an aldehyde

A

Nucleophilic Addition

37
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an hydroxy nitrile from a ketone

A

Reagent: KCN
Condition: (Aqueous and ethanolic) followed by dilute acid

38
Q

State the mechanism needed to make an hydroxy nitrile from a ketone

A

Nucleophilic Addition

39
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a ketone from an alcohol

A

Reagent: Secondary alcohol and Acidified Potassium Dichromate (H2SO4/K2Cr2O7)
Condition: Reflux

40
Q

State the type of reaction needed to make a ketone from an alcohol

A

Oxidation

41
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a carboxylic acid from an alcohol

A

Reagent: Primary alcohol with excess Acidified Potassium Dichromate (H2SO4/K2Cr2O7)
Condition: Reflux

42
Q

State the type of reaction needed to make a carboxylic acid from an alcohol

A

Oxidation

43
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde

A

Reagent: Acidified Potassium Dichromate (H2SO4/K2Cr2O7)
Condition: Reflux

44
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an ester from a carboxylic acid

A

Reagent: Alcohol
Condition: Conc Sulfuric Acid

Water is produced

45
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an ester from an acyl chloride

A

Reagent: Alcohol
Condition: None - violent reaction

Toxic HCl produced

46
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make an ester from an acid anhydride

A

Reagent: Alcohol
Condition: Dry
Carboxylic acid produced

47
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to hydrolyse an ester to form the salt of a carboxylic acid

A

Reagent: NaOH
Condition: Aqueous and Reflux

48
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to hydrolyse an ester to form a carboxylic acid

A

Reagent: HCl
Condition: Aqueous and Reflux

49
Q

What is observed when an alcohol is oxidised using acidified potassium dichromate?

A

The solution will change from orange (K2Cr2O7) to green (Cr3+)

50
Q

Name the types of molecules that can in oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate.

A

Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol
Aldehyde

51
Q

State how an aldehyde can be distguished from a ketone

A

Reagent: Tollen’s reagent
Observation:
Aldehyde - Silver Mirror
Ketone - NVC

52
Q

Name the three different functional groups that will react with an alcohol to form an ester.

A

Carboxylic Acid (COOH)
Acyl Chloride (COCl)
Acid Anhydride (COOCO)

53
Q

Give a common use for esters

A

Perfumes
Food flavourings
Plasticisers
Solvents

54
Q

Name the four types of compound that react with an acyl chloride via nucleophilic addition-elimination.

The stick man mechanism

A

Water
Ammonia
Alcohol
Amine

55
Q

Name the mechanism when an acyl chloride reacts with an alcohol

A

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

The stick man mechanism

56
Q

What is the main product of a reaction between and acyl chloride and water?

A

A Carboxylic Acid

57
Q

What is the main product of a reaction between and acyl chloride and ammonia?

A

An Amide

CONH2

58
Q

What is the main product of a reaction between and acyl chloride and an alcohol?

A

An Ester

59
Q

What is the main product of a reaction between and acyl chloride and an amine?

A

An N-Substituted Amide

60
Q

What is the mechanism of a reaction between and acyl chloride and an amine?

A

Nucleophilic Addition-Elimination

61
Q

What is observed when an acyl chloride reacts by nucleophilic addition-elimination?

A

Misty/Steamy fumes (of HCl)

62
Q

State why benzene is more stable than expected

A

Benzene has a pi ring of delocalised electrons

63
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make acylbenzene from benzene

eg C6H5CHO

A

Reagent: Acyl chloride
Conditions: AlCl3

64
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to make nitrobenzene from benzene

A

Reagent: Conc Nitric Acid
Conditions: Conc Sulfuric Acid

65
Q

State the type of reaction needed to turn nitrobenzene into phenyl amine

A

Reduction

66
Q

State the reagents and conditions needed to reduce nitrobenzene to phenyl amine

A

Reagent: Tin (Sn)
Conditions: Conc HCl

67
Q

Which mechanism does benzene undergo?

A

Electrophilic Substitution

68
Q

How do you know benzene has undergone electrophilic substition?

A

A species has been directly added to the ring replacing a hydrogen.

69
Q

Name the alcohol molecule that reacts with fatty acids to form triglycerides.

A

Propane-1,2,3-triol

70
Q

How is soap produced?

A

From the alkaline hydrolysis of vegatable oil and animal fats (triglycerides)
Propane-1,2,3-triol is also produced in the reaction

71
Q

How is biodiesel made?

A

From the reaction of vegatable oil with methanol in the presence of NaOH that acts as a catalyst.

OLD Y13 Chem (9 decks)

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