Y10 Geography - Hazards Flashcards
1
Q
What is a hazard?
A
Something that causes harm and danger to others
Example: Hurricane, earthquake
2
Q
What does latitude describe?
A
How far north or south a place is from the equator
3
Q
What is the ITCZ?
A
A shifting band where solar radiation is most concentrated
4
Q
What does ITCZ create?
A
A belt of low pressure where two Hadley cells are, creating rainy conditions, meaning patterns of rainfall more north during summer months and south during winter months
5
Q
How do Ocean currents affect temperature?
A
Ocean currents affect temperature by transporting warm waters from the equator to the poles and cold water from the poles to the equator
Example: Gulf stream brings warm waters from the Caribbean to Western Europe, resulting in warmer surface temperatures
6
Q
What are sunspots?
A
Areas that appear dark on the surface of the sun
7
Q
How do sunspots affect temperature?
A
The more sunspots there are, the cooler the earth is
8
Q
What are solar flares?
A
Sudden explosions of energy
9
Q
How do solar flares affect temperature?
A
The more solar flares there are, the higher the temperature is
10
Q
What are the after effects of volcanic eruptions?
A
Ash and gas formed that can spread around
11
Q
How do volcanic eruptions affect temperature?
A
They affect the Earth’s temperature by reflecting sunlight, cooling down the earth
12
Q
What are Asteroid collisions?
A
Space rock collisions with atmosphere
13
Q
How do Asteroid collisions affect temperature?
A
It affects temperature as Dust and particles have the effect of blocking out sun rays, cooling down the Earth
14
Q
What are Ice cores?
A
Huge cubes of ice which scientists use to measure past climate change
15
Q
What are the bubbles in the ice core?
A
Pockets of air, containing greenhouse gases (CO2)
16
Q
What do ice cores tell us?
A
They tell us that the more gases within the ice core, the hotter it was in the past
17
Q
What are tree rings?
A
Rings on a tree that show the growth and age of a tree
18
Q
What do tree rings tell us?
A
If the tree rings are thicker, the warmer and wetter the years were
If the tree rings are thinner, the colder and dryer the years were
19
Q
What are historical sources?
A
Old sketches and artifacts that indicate evidence of past climate change
20
Q
What does the enhanced greenhouse effect lead to?
A
Enhanced greenhouse effect = when human activity is producing more CO2, contributing to the greenhouse effect
Human activities, such as cattle ranching and burning fossil fuels
This causes the greenhouse gas layer to become thicker, trapping more solar radiation in the atmosphere, causing the Earth to become hotter
21
Q
What are shear winds?
A
Upper atmospheric winds
22
Q
What are the ingredients of a tropical storm?
A
Over Oceans of 26.5 degrees and 50m+ deep
Light shear wind
Cycles of warm air rising and cold air sinking
Coriolis force causing the storm to spin
Latitude of 5 to 30
23
Q
How are tropical storms formed?
A
Tropical storms form over tropical oceans of 26.5 degrees
The warm of the ocean causes hot to rise
As it rises, it cools and condenses to form cumulonimbus clouds, leading to heavy precipitation
The Coriolis effect causes the cyclone to spin and travel over land
24
Q
What were the social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?
A
There was an outbreak of disease due to lack of sanitation, food, water, shelter and medication
95% of boats were destroyed
7000 people were killed
71,000 hectares of farmland was affected - Rice, corn and sugar producing areas were affected
Major roads were blocked by trees
6 million workers were displaced
25
What are the economic impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?
95% of boats destroyed
71,000 hectares of farmland was affected
Economic cost of Typhoon Haiyan was $5.8 billion (£3.83 billion)
Major roads were blocked
6 million workers lost their jobs
26
What were the environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?
71,000 hectares of farmland was affected
Flooding caused an oil spill affecting mangrove plants
27
What did the Philippines prepare for Typhoon Haiyan?
Philippines was helped by Japan in tracking the cyclone using their satellite
People in areas at risk were evacuated before the typhoon hit. However, some shelters weren’t on high enough ground for the storm surge
The military sent planes and helicopters to provide aid but there were 7000 islands so it was difficult to help all
28
How did the Philippines respond to Typhoon Haiyan?
Relief aid was sent, but roads were blocked and local airport was damaged
Evacuation was done slowly by military and places were isolated for days
Evacuations could only be done during the day due to the lack of electricity - some areas weren’t helped
800,000 people were evacuated beforehand
Over $1.5 billion of foreign aid pledged
29
What were the social impacts of Hurricane Katrina?
In Mississippi, 90% of buildings along the coast were destroyed and many without
30
What were the social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan?
Relief aid was sent , but roads were blocked and local airport was damaged
Evacuation was done slowly by military and places were isolated for days
Evacuations could only be done during the day due to the lack of electricity - some areas weren’t helped
800,000 people were evacuated beforehand
Over $1.5 billion of foreign aid pledged
## Footnote
Example sentence: The social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan were devastating.
31
What were the social impacts of Hurricane Katrina?
In Mississipi, 90%of buildings along the coast were destroyed and many without electricity or water
1836 people died and 705 missing
Farmland was ruined by salt water
80% of New Orleans was submerged under 6ft of Water
Looting occurred as people became desperate without shelter and necessities
## Footnote
Additional information: Hurricane Katrina had severe social consequences.
32
What were the Economic impacts of Hurricane Katrina?
In Mississipi, 90%of buildings along the coast were destroyed and many without electricity or water
Farmland was ruined by salt water
Oil production was disrupted sending prices rising across the USA and the world
80% of New Orleans was submerged under 6ft of Water
Looting occurred as people became desperate without shelter and necessities
The overall cost of the hurricane was $105 billion dollars
## Footnote
Example sentence: The economic impacts of Hurricane Katrina were significant.
33
What were the environmental impacts of Hurricane Katrina?
flooding damaged factories, releasing toxic chemicals
80% of New Orleans was submerged
## Footnote
Additional information: Hurricane Katrina had lasting environmental effects.
34
How did the US respond to Hurricane Katrina?
30,000 people took shelter in the Super Dome but there wasn’t enough food and water for everyone
The coast guard rescued 33,500 out of the 60,000 people in New Orleans
1 million people were evacuated from New Orleans- 100,000 stayed behind
The government gave $50 billion in aid but it arrived too slowly
President Bush took 4 days to sign off a relief package and send 7200 soldiers to help
## Footnote
Example sentence: The response to Hurricane Katrina was criticized for being slow.
35
How did the US predict Hurricane Katrina?
Emergency Evacuation order was given only a day before the hurricane, so many didn’t have time to leave
Satellites tracked Hurricane Katrina and they accurately predicted where Hurricane Katrina would hit two days before
## Footnote
Example sentence: The prediction of Hurricane Katrina was crucial for preparation.
36
How did the USA plan for Hurricane Katrina?
FEMA knew levees/ barriers needed strengthening, but didn’t
## Footnote
Additional information: The lack of planning contributed to the impact of Hurricane Katrina.
37
What are the features of shield volcanoes?
Gentle slopes
Layers of lava
Calmer eruptions
Basaltic lava (thinner and runnier)
More frequent, but less powerful, eruptions
Form on constructive plate boundaries
## Footnote
Example sentence: Shield volcanoes have distinct characteristics.
38
What are the features of composite volcanoes?
Steep sides
Layers of ash and lava
Less frequent eruptions, more powerful
Formed on destructive boundaries
## Footnote
Example sentence: Composite volcanoes are known for their explosive eruptions.
39
What happens on collision margins?
2 plates of the same density collide
## Footnote
Example sentence: Collision margins result in intense geological activity.
40
What is formed from collision margins?
Earthquakes- happen on faults
Form fold mountains and mountain ranges
## Footnote
Additional information: Collision margins lead to the formation of significant landforms.
41
What happens when Oceanic and continental crust meet?
Oceanic subdues under continental plate and then melts
## Footnote
Example sentence: The interaction between oceanic and continental crust results in subduction.
42
What are tectonic plates?
Areas of the crust split into fragments
## Footnote
Example sentence: Tectonic plates are fundamental to the Earth's structure.
43
What are plate boundaries?
Where two plates meet
## Footnote
Example sentence: Plate boundaries are zones of intense geological activity.
44
How do tectonic plates move?
Tectonic plates move due to convection currents as magma from the mantle is heated by the core
Hot magma rises as it is less dense
Once it has reached the asthenosphere, it sticks to it due to its viscosity and forces the plate to move
The magma becomes more dense and sinks
## Footnote
Additional information: The movement of tectonic plates is driven by complex geological processes.
45
Convergent
Tectonic plates move together
## Footnote
Example sentence: Convergent plate boundaries result in collision and subduction.
46
Divergent
Tectonic plates move apart
## Footnote
Example sentence: Divergent plate boundaries lead to the formation of new crust.
47
What happens at a constructive plate margin?
2 plates are dragged apart by convection currents
## Footnote
Example sentence: Constructive plate margins are associated with the creation of new land.
48
What hazards occur at constructive plate margins?
Earthquakes, due to stress as the plates are moved apart
Volcanoes, as magma rises through the gap
## Footnote
Example sentence: Constructive plate margins can result in seismic activity and volcanic eruptions.
49
What happens at a conservative plate margins?
2 plates slide past each other at different speeds
## Footnote
Example sentence: Conservative plate boundaries involve lateral movement.
50
What hazards are found at conservative margins?
Earthquakes, due to a build up of friction
No volcanoes, as no openings are made
## Footnote
Example sentence: Conservative plate margins are characterized by seismic events.
51
What happens at destructive margins?
2 plates of different density move together
## Footnote
Example sentence: Destructive plate margins involve subduction.
52
What hazards are found at destructive margins?
Earthquakes can occur due to build up of pressure
Volcanoes, due to sea water dragged down, making magma less dense, so it rises in flumes
## Footnote
Example sentence: Destructive plate margins are associated with seismic events and volcanic activity.
53
Plate movement
Plates move because of convection currents in the mantle
Heat from the radioactive decay causes molten material in the mantle to rise
When the rising material reaches the asthenosphere, it is forced sideways, dragging
## Footnote
Additional information: Plate movement is driven by internal heat sources.
54
What are the features of basaltic lava?
Thinner and runnier
## Footnote
Example: Basaltic lava flows quickly and covers large areas.
55
What are the features of composite volcanoes?
Steep sides
Layers of ash and lava
Less frequent eruptions, more powerful
Formed on destructive boundaries
## Footnote
Composite volcanoes are also known as stratovolcanoes.
56
What causes plate movement?
Plates move because of convection currents in the mantle
Heat from the radioactive decay causes molten material in the mantle to rise
When the rising material reaches the asthenosphere, it is forced sideways, dragging the plates above with it
As the material cools, it sinks and the process starts again
57
What are primary impacts?
The immediate impacts of a natural hazard, caused directly by it
58
What are secondary impacts?
The knock-on or direct effects of a volcanic eruption or earthquake that take place over a long time
59
What were the social impacts of the Haiti earthquake?
5000 schools and 3 universities were destroyed
300,000 injured
One prison collapsed- 4000 inmates escaped
316,000 people died
Government and police collapsed- looting and crime increased
1 in 5 jobs were lost
All 8 hospitals in the Capital Port-Au-Prince were destroyed
1.5 million people were made homeless when 180,000 homes were destroyed
60
What were the economic impacts of Haiti earthquake?
Factories closed
1.5 million people were made homeless when 180,000 were destroyed
1 in 5 jobs were lost
Main port and airport was destroyed, making it difficult to access and distribute aid
61
What are environmental impacts of the Haiti earthquake?
Main port and airport was destroyed, making it difficult to access and distribute aid
62
What were the economic impacts of the Japan Earthquake?
1 dam collapsed, 2 nuclear stations fractured and an oil refinery set on fire
The earthquake led to liquefaction on reclaimed land in Tokyo, damaging 1000 buildings
127,000 buildings collapsed 2000 roads, 56 bridges and 26 railway lines were damaged as a result of the flood waters
2 nuclear reactors went into melt down because flooding damaged the cooling systems
$235 billion worth of damage by the quake and tsunami combined
63
What were the social impacts of the Japan Earthquake?
1 dam collapsed, 2 nuclear stations fractured and an oil refinery set on fire
The earthquake led to liquefaction on reclaimed land in Tokyo, damaging 1000 buildings
127,000 buildings collapsed 2000 roads, 56 bridges and 26 railway lines were damaged as a result of the flood waters
Over 16,000 deaths were caused by flooding
Some motorways and rail links were damaged and power, water and sewage systems were disrupted
350,000 were made homeless and rehoused in Sendai
Up to 1400 deaths occurred as a direct result of building collapse due to initial
64
What were the environmental impacts of Japan Earthquake?
1 dam collapsed, 2 nuclear stations fractured and an oil refinery set on fire
The earthquake led to liquefaction on reclaimed land in Tokyo, damaging 1000 buildings
Earthquake led to a tsunami that in some places measured up to 38.9 metres (128ft)
2 nuclear reactors went into melt down because flooding damaged the cooling systems
65
How did Haiti plan for the earthquake?
Lack of disaster preparation meant government and emergency services didn’t know what to do when disaster struck
Many Haitians live in poverty so didn’t have resources to prepare or cope with effects of the earthquake
Lack of planning laws meant many houses were poorly built
66
Haiti’s Response to earthquake
¼ of government officials were killed, so emergency response were killed
Corruption and mismanagement meant that NGOs were unable to provide aid
Only 10% of $13 billion aid made it to the Haitian government. The rest remained in international organisations
5 years after, 80,000 Haitians still live in poverty
67
Japan Planning for the Earthquake
Education and emergency drills are regularly practice in schools and businesses
Failed to take into account the impact of the tsunami on Nuclear power plant which could not withstand tsunami
After Earthquake, all to and radio changed to earthquake coverage, telling people what to do
Strict buildings regulations made 75% of buildings are constructed with earthquakes in mind
Areas vulnerable to tsunami had 10m high walls, evacuation routes and shelters, but the tsunami wall was higher
Office and homes equipped with earthquake emergency kits
68
Japan’s Response to the earthquake
Government quickly accepted help from 20 countries and knew where aid was required
69
Japan Prediction of the earthquake
Early warning systems detected the earthquake 1 minute in advance, giving people some warning
Set up an emergency earthquake warning system- 54 million people got a text
70
How does a tsunami form?
On a destructive plate boundary, the Oceanic crust subducted into the mantle, causing friction and plates to stick
Friction and energy builds up. When energy exceed friction, the plates snap back into place,
This movement thrusts the water above, causing a wave to form (water column)
The waves can travel long distances and in deep water, are hardly seen
As they reach shallower water, the wave slows and increases in height
When the wave reached the shore, the wave can travel in land, destroying buildings
71
What happens when Oceanic crust is subducted into the mantle at a plate boundary?
Friction and energy builds up. When energy exceed friction, the plates snap back into place.
## Footnote
This movement thrusts the water above, causing a wave to form (water column)
72
How do waves form during a subduction event?
The waves can travel long distances and in deep water, are hardly seen. As they reach shallower water, the wave slows and increases in height.
## Footnote
When the wave reached the shore, the wave can travel in land, destroying buildings
